Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients with new sputum-smear-positive TB enrolled in Axshya SAMVAD study across 18 randomly sampled districts in India, 2016–17 (n = 465).
|
Axshya SAMVAD group |
Non-Axshya SAMVAD group |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total [N = 465] |
[N = 234] |
[N = 231] |
||
| Variable | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p valuea |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–44 | 251 (54) | 111 (47) | 140 (61) | 0.009 |
| 45–64 | 163 (35) | 91 (39) | 72 (31) | |
| ≥65 | 50 (11) | 32 (14) | 18 (8) | |
| Missing | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) | 1 (<1) | |
| Mean (SD) | 42 (17) | 44 (17) | 40 (17) | 0.003 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 307 (66) | 153 (65) | 154 (67) | 0.721 |
| Female | 157 (34) | 81 (35) | 76 (33) | |
| Missing | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) | 1 (<1) | – |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 58 (12) | 17 (7) | 41 (18) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 402 (87) | 214 (92) | 188 (81) | |
| Missing | 5 (1) | 3 (1) | 2 (1) | |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | 217 (47) | 133 (57) | 84 (36) | <0.001 |
| Less than primary | 67 (14) | 30 (13) | 37 (16) | |
| Up to secondary | 149 (32) | 57 (24) | 92 (40) | |
| Higher secondary and above | 30 (7) | 13 (6) | 17 (7) | |
| Missing | 2 (<1) | 1 (<1) | 1 (<1) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Unemployed | 59 (13) | 31 (13) | 28 (12) | 0.283 |
| Studying | 24 (5) | 8 (3) | 16 (7) | |
| Homemaker | 82 (18) | 45 (19) | 37 (16) | |
| Daily wage labour | 178 (38) | 95 (41) | 83 (36) | |
| Employed – not daily wage | 113 (24) | 52 (22) | 61 (26) | |
| Missing | 9 (2) | 3 (1) | 6 (3) | |
| Monthly income per capita ($US)b | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 15.7 (7.4, 31.4) | 13.1 (6.4, 23.6) | 15.7 (7.9, 31.4) | 0.014 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| TB in household in the past | ||||
| Yes | 116 (25) | 54 (23) | 62 (27) | 0.321 |
| No | 347 (75) | 180 (77) | 167 (72) | |
| Missing | 2 (<1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1) | |
| TB death in the household | ||||
| Yes | 51 (11) | 27 (11) | 24 (10) | 0.704 |
| No | 413 (89) | 207 (89) | 206 (89) | |
| Missing | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) | 1 (<1) | |
| History of feverc | ||||
| Yes | 350 (75) | 170 (73) | 180 (78) | 0.231 |
| No | 105 (22) | 58 (25) | 47 (20) | |
| Missing | 10 (3) | 6 (2) | 4 (2) | |
| History of weight lossc | ||||
| Yes | 340 (73) | 159 (68) | 181 (78) | 0.032 |
| No | 113 (24) | 66 (28) | 47 (20) | |
| Missing | 12 (3) | 9 (4) | 3 (2) | |
| History of haemoptysisc | ||||
| Yes | 119 (26) | 60 (25) | 59 (26) | 0.937 |
| No | 336 (72) | 168 (72) | 168 (73) | |
| Missing | 10 (2) | 6 (3) | 4 (1) | |
| Current smokerd | ||||
| Yes | 113 (24) | 65 (28) | 48 (21) | 0.122 |
| No | 343 (74) | 164 (70) | 179 (77) | |
| Missing | 9 (2) | 5 (2) | 4(2) | |
| Current alcohol intaked | ||||
| Yes | 130 (28) | 61 (26) | 69 (30) | 0.419 |
| No | 327 (70) | 168 (72) | 159 (69) | |
| Missing | 8 (2) | 5 (2) | 3 (1) | |
| Sputum grading | ||||
| 3+ | 83 (18) | 34 (15) | 49 (21) | 0.068 |
| Scanty/1+/2+ | 365 (79) | 190 (81) | 175 (76) | |
| Positive not quantified | 17 (4) | 10 (4) | 7 (3) | |
| Weight (kg) | ||||
| <30 | 8 (2) | 6 (2) | 3 (1) | 0.540 |
| 30–44.9 | 200 (43) | 102 (44) | 98 (42) | |
| ≥ 45 | 96 (21) | 44 (19) | 52 (23) | |
| Missing | 161 (35) | 83 (35) | 78 (34) | |
| Mean (SD) | 41 (7) | 41 (6) | 41 (7) | 0.781 |
| HIV statuse | ||||
| Positive | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) | 1 (<1) | – |
| Negative | 287 (59) | 143 (61) | 144 (62) | |
| Missing | 177 (38) | 91 (39) | 86 (37) | |
| DM status | ||||
| DM | 9 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | 0.784 |
| Not DM | 171 (37) | 84 (36) | 87 (38) | |
| Missing | 285 (61) | 146 (62) | 139 (60) | |
| Health-system characteristics | ||||
| Distance of residence from DMC in kilometre | ||||
| ≤ 5 | 118 (25) | 50 (21) | 68 (29) | 0.063 |
| 6–10 | 144 (31) | 80 (34) | 64 (28) | |
| 11–15 | 107 (23) | 49 (21) | 58 (25) | |
| > 15 | 96 (21) | 55 (24) | 41 (18) | |
| Median (IQR) | 10 (5,15) | 10 (6, 15) | 10 (5, 14) | 0.090 |
Column percentage.
TB: tuberculosis; SAMVAD: sensitisation and advocacy in marginalised and vulnerable areas of the district; SD: standard deviation; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; DM: diabetes mellitus; DMC: designated microscopy centre; IQR: interquartile range. Axshya SAMVAD: an active case finding strategy under project Axshya implemented by The Union, South East Asia office, New Delhi, India, across 285 districts of India.
a p value calculated after excluding missing values, chi square test/independent t test/Mann–Whitney U test.
bAverage Indian rupee to USD conversion rate in January 2018 (US$1 = 63.6 Indian rupees), Indian rupee value used for calculating p value.
cHistory of fever/significant weight loss/haemoptysis between eligibility for sputum examination and diagnosis.
dConsumption of alcohol/smoke form of tobacco anytime in the month before date of diagnosis.
eNumber with HIV very low (n = 1); hence, p value not calculated.