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. 2018 Sep 3;9:1219. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01219

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Copyright © 2018 Oke, Miwakeichi, Oku, Hirrlinger and Hülsmann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Presumptive inspiratory neuronal network model based on the results of the activation sequence of cell types in the preBötC during rhythmic bursts. In this model, we suppose functional roles of cell types for inspiratory rhythm generation and/or pattern formation in the preBötC. (1) Earlier-phased burstlet: At the initial phase, both Irr-Ex and Irr-Gly/Irr-Cotrans inspiratory neurons are stochastically activated and output from both cell types may influence one another as a mechanism of gain control (Winter et al., 2009; Baertsch et al., 2018). This early activated Irr-Ex and Irr-Gly/Irr-Cotrans neurons might have “pacemaker properties” (Koshiya and Smith, 1999; Morgado-Valle et al., 2010; Kam et al., 2013) and be involved in a low-amplitude preinspiratory component (Kam et al., 2013). (2) Initiation of burstlet: R-Ex and R-Gly inspiratory neurons start to be activated by modulation of Irr-Ex-neuron-mediated excitation and Irr-Gly/Irr-Cotrans-neuron-mediated postsynaptic inhibition. Activated Irr-Ex neurons also contribute to generate the low-amplitude preinspiratory components. (3) Modulation of burst (Gain control): The activated R-Ex neurons induce a high-amplitude inspiratory burst when the power of low-amplitude preinspiratory components, which depends on the amplitude of activation of R-Ex neurons, exceed a certain threshold value. Activation among R-Ex neurons may occur, therefore, this cell type can successively be activated. R-Gly neurons may limit the activities of R-Ex neurons as well as some parts of the activities of Irr-Ex and Irr-Gly/Irr-Cotrans neurons. Even after decrease of the recruitment of R-Gly neurons, glycine released from R-Gly neurons may also inhibit the activity of R-Ex neurons because of its long inhibitory effects.