Figure 4.

Leaf anatomical trait values for the 19 Bromeliaceae species studied. For C3 (blue; δ¹³C < −20‰; n = 7) and CAM (gray; δ¹³C > −20‰; n = 12) bromeliads (see Table 1 for a full species list), mesophyll thickness (L_mes; µm), mesophyll surface area per leaf area (S_m; m² m⁻²), average cell diameter (L_cell; µm), mesophyll surface area exposed to the IAS per mesophyll volume (A_mes/V_mes; µm² µm⁻³), IAS porosity (θ_IAS; m³ m⁻³), IAS tortuosity (τ_leaf; m m⁻¹), lateral path lengthening (λ_leaf; m m⁻¹), and IAS connectivity on a mesophyll-surface-area basis (κ_SA; m² m⁻²) are shown. Asterisks in the top left corner of the plots indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between CAM and C3 bromeliads based on a phylogenetic paired Student’s t test.