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. 2018 Sep 3;12:614. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00614

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

(A) This figure was originally published in Mesulam and Geula (1988). These coronal slices of the human brain from Mesulam and Geula (1988) demonstrate the locations of the ChAT positive neurons in the sub-nuclei of the Ch4 complex (NBM) within the context of the basal ganglia anatomy. Permission was granted by John Wiley and Sons (license number: 4330331169891). ac, anterior commissure; Am, amygdaloid nuclei; an, ansa lenticularis; aP, ansa peduncularis; Ch4a, anterior sector of Ch4; Ch4ai, anterointermediate sector of Ch4; Ch4al, anterolateral subsector of Ch4; Ch4am, anteromedial subsector of Ch4; Ch4id, interomediodorsal subsector of Ch4; Ch4iv, interomedioventral subsector of Ch4; Cl, claustrum; cp, cerebral peduncle; eml, external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus; ent, entorhinal cortex; Fx, fornix; GP, globus pallidus; GPe, globus pallidus (external segment); GPi, globus pallidus (internal segment); Hp, hippocampal formation; Hy, hypothalamus; IC, internal capsule; iml, internal medullary lamina of the globus pallidus; IN, insular cortex; itp, inferior thalamic peduncle; nst, nucleus of the stria terminalis; oc, optic chiasm; ot, optic tract; PO, preoptic area; pt, putamen. (B) Illustration of different NBM territories in the axial (i) and coronal (ii) plane, based on the range of coordinates described in the following NBM studies in rats. Boix-Trelis et al. (2006) observed increased C-Fos expression in cingulate, parietal, piriform and perirhinal cortices, but not in entorhinal cortex or amygdala nuclei when stimulated NBM sub regions around 0.95–1.8 mm posterior to bregma and 2.8 mm lateral to midline (black asterisks) (Boix-Trelis et al., 2006). Weinberger et al on the other hand showed that the activity of NBM in posterior 2.3 mm and lateral 3.3 mm (blue asterisks) is strongly correlated to auditory cortex (Weinberger et al., 2009, 2013). On the other hand, the barrel cortex is more predominantly affected by NBM stimulation in the region posterior 0.8 mm, L 2.6 mm (red asterisks). Visual cortex, has been estimated to be influenced by an NBM sub-region around posterior 2.8 and lateral 4 mm (Goard and Dan, 2009) (green asterisks). Buzsáki and Wang (2012) have noted that the NBM stimulation changes in EEG are in agreement with the anatomical findings, which provides additional evidence that the NBM projection to the cortex is topographically specific. The GP and STN region (yellow and pink regions respectively) are also shown for reference.