Table 1.
Study population
| Characteristic | Before matching (n = 2411) | After matching (n = 894) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-diabetics (n = 1798; 75%) | Diabetics (n = 613; 25%) | p value | Non-diabetics (n = 447; 50%) | Diabetics (n = 447; 50%) | p value | |
| Ventricular tachyarrhythmias, n (%) | ||||||
| Ventricular tachycardia | 1006 (56) | 350 (57) | 0.622 | 275 (62) | 272 (61) | 0.837 |
| Monomorphic | 973 (97) | 339 (97) | 0.901 | 267 (97) | 262 (96) | 0.615 |
| Polymorphic | 33 (3) | 11 (3) | 8 (3) | 10 (4) | ||
| Ventricular fibrillation | 792 (44) | 263 (43) | 0.622 | 172 (39) | 175 (39) | 0.837 |
| Age, median (range) | 67 (14–97) | 71 (33–95) | 0.001 | 70 (21–94) | 71 (33–91) | 0.040 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 1288 (72) | 440 (72) | 0.946 | 348 (78) | 331 (74) | 0.183 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | ||||||
| Arterial hypertension | 891 (50) | 464 (76) | 0.001 | 287 (64) | 351 (79) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 448 (25) | 210 (34) | 0.001 | 152 (34) | 164 (37) | 0.401 |
| Smoking | 478 (27) | 161 (26) | 0.876 | 133 (30) | 128 (29) | 0.713 |
| Cardiac family history | 188 (11) | 34 (6) | 0.001 | 53 (12) | 26 (6) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Prior heart failure | 355 (20) | 196 (32) | 0.001 | 143 (32) | 172 (39) | 0.042 |
| Prior coronary artery disease | 608 (34) | 336 (55) | 0.001 | 248 (56) | 270 (60) | 0.136 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 363 (20) | 180 (29) | 0.001 | 147 (33) | 150 (34) | 0.831 |
| Valvular heart disease | 138 (8) | 74 (12) | 0.001 | 46 (10) | 61 (14) | 0.122 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 507 (28) | 180 (29) | 0.581 | 123 (28) | 128 (29) | 0.710 |
| STEMI | 184 (10) | 52 (9) | 0.208 | 29 (7) | 38 (9) | 0.253 |
| NSTEMI | 323 (18) | 128 (21) | 0.110 | 94 (21) | 90 (20) | 0.741 |
| Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy | 96 (5) | 27 (4) | 0.364 | 32 (7) | 27 (6) | 0.501 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 492 (27) | 223 (36) | 0.001 | 155 (35) | 170 (38) | 0.297 |
| Stroke (ischemic or hemorrhage) | 42 (2) | 30 (5) | 0.001 | 12 (3) | 20 (5) | 0.150 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 801 (46) | 387 (64) | 0.001 | 25 (56) | 27 (62) | 0.048 |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 831 (52) | 425 (57) | 0.001 | 175 (39) | 198 (44) | 0.119 |
| In hospital | 310 (17) | 169 (28) | 0.001 | 77 (17) | 109 (24) | 0.008 |
| Out of hospital | 521 (29) | 139 (23) | 0.001 | 98 (22) | 89 (20) | 0.459 |
| Coronary angiography, overall, n (%) | 1055 (59) | 362 (59) | 0.870 | 291 (65) | 295 (66) | 0.778 |
| Coronary artery disease | 742 (41) | 305 (50) | 0.001 | 233 (52) | 249 (56) | 0.155 |
| None | 313 (30) | 57 (16) | 0.001 | 58 (20) | 46 (16) | 0.169 |
| 1-vessel | 244 (23) | 82 (23) | 0.853 | 74 (25) | 66 (22) | 0.386 |
| 2-vessel | 249 (24) | 86 (24) | 0.952 | 73 (25) | 73 (25) | 0.924 |
| 3-vessel | 249 (24) | 137 (38) | 0.001 | 86 (30) | 110 (37) | 0.047 |
| Chronic total occlusion | 190 (18) | 100 (28) | 0.001 | 70 (24) | 82 (28) | 0.301 |
| Presence of CABG | 110 (10) | 73 (20) | 0.001 | 49 (17) | 66 (22) | 0.092 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 479 (45) | 163 (45) | 0.902 | 113 (39) | 123 (42) | 0.480 |
| Left ventricular ejection function, n (%) | ||||||
| LVEF ≥ 55% | 431 (24) | 101 (16) | 0.001 | 102 (23) | 100 (22) | 0.873 |
| LVEF 54–35% | 449 (25) | 160 (26) | 0.579 | 156 (35) | 139 (31) | 0.227 |
| LVEF < 35% | 427 (24) | 211 (34) | 0.001 | 189 (42) | 208 (47) | 0.201 |
| Not documented | 491 (27) | 141 (23) | – | – | – | – |
| Electrophysiological examination, n (%) | 481 (27) | 111 (18) | 0.001 | 128 (30) | 88 (20) | 0.001 |
| Induced ventricular tachycardia | ||||||
| Inferior | 11 (2) | 2 (2) | 0.753 | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 0.973 |
| Apical | 152 (32) | 40 (36) | 0.368 | 42 (33) | 35 (40) | 0.294 |
| Septal | 18 (4) | 1 (0.9) | 0.126 | 6 (5) | 0 (0) | 0.083 |
| Lateral | 5 (1) | 4 (4) | 0.069 | 0 (0) | 3 (3) | 0.066 |
| Left ventricular | 23 (5) | 4 (4) | 0.592 | 6 (5) | 3 (3) | 0.741 |
| Right ventricular | 162 (34) | 43 (39) | 0.313 | 53 (41) | 38 (41) | 0.795 |
| LVOT | 7 (2) | 3 (3) | 0.358 | 3 (2) | 2 (2) | 1.000 |
| RVOT | 84 (18) | 15 (14) | 0.315 | 21 (16) | 14 (16) | 1.000 |
| Ablation of ventricular tachycardia, n (%) | 117 (7) | 13 (2) | 0.001 | 31 (7) | 9 (2) | 0.001 |
| Patients at discharge, n (%) | 1296 (72) | 402 (66) | 0.002 | 357 (80) | 322 (72) | 0.001 |
| Presence of ICD overall, n (%) | 643 (50) | 217 (54) | 0.126 | 214 (60) | 190 (59) | 0.816 |
| ICD | 572 (89) | 189 (87) | 0.458 | 192 (91) | 165 (87) | 0.237 |
| s-ICD | 24 (4) | 7 (3) | 0.729 | 0 (0) | 7 (4) | 1.000 |
| CRT-D | 47 (7) | 21 (10) | 0.264 | 20 (9) | 18 (10) | 0.989 |
| Bipolar electrodes | 17 (36) | 6 (29) | 0.541 | 8 (40) | 5 (28) | 0.428 |
| Multipolar electrodes | 30 (64) | 15 (71) | 12 (60) | 13 (72) | ||
| Primary prevention | 266 (41) | 109 (50) | 0.023 | 97 (45) | 98 (52) | 0.209 |
| Secondary prevention | 377 (59) | 108 (50) | 117 (55) | 92 (48) | ||
| Medication at discharge, n (%) | ||||||
| Beta-blocker | 1010 (78) | 336 (84) | 0.014 | 311 (87) | 279 (87) | 0.857 |
| ACEi/ARB | 904 (70) | 323 (80) | 0.001 | 249 (82) | 266 (83) | 0.930 |
| Statin | 734 (57) | 283 (71) | 0.001 | 256 (72) | 234 (73) | 0.780 |
| Digitalis | 133 (10) | 69 (17) | 0.001 | 50 (14) | 59 (18) | 0.126 |
| Amiodarone | 169 (13) | 88 (22) | 0.001 | 66 (19) | 69 (21) | 0.338 |
| Sotalol | 10 (0.8) | 5 (1) | 0.376 | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1) | 0.430 |
| Vitamin K antagonist | 225 (17) | 88 (22) | 0.038 | 88 (25) | 74 (23) | 0.611 |
| NOAC | 29 (2) | 9 (2) | 0.992 | 7 (2) | 6 (2) | 0.926 |
| Low molecular heparin | 95 (7) | 40 (10) | 0.089 | 32 (9) | 31 (10) | 0.766 |
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CRT-D cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator, DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVOT/RVOT left/right ventricular outflow tract, s-ICD subcutaneous ICD, NOAC novel oral anticoagulant, (N)STEMI (non) ST segment elevation myocardial infarction