Table 3.
Relations between fast-food density and incidence of CVD, CHD, stroke and HF in rural areas.
| % | Base model OR (95% CI) | Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Complete model OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500 m | |||||
| CVD | D0 (0 FFR within 500 m) | 68.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 500 m) | 18.2 | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | |
| D2 (2 FFR within 500 m) | 7.4 | 1.12 (1.10–1.22) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | |
| D3 (≥3 FFR within 500 m) | 5.9 | 1.22 (1.16–1.29) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.02 (0.96–1.07) | |
| CHD | D0 (0 FFR within 500 m) | 68.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 500 m) | 18.2 | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | |
| D2 (2 FFR within 500 m) | 7.4 | 1.34 (1.22–1.48) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | 1.20 (1.09–1.32) | |
| D3 (≥3 FFR within 500 m) | 5.9 | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | |
| Stroke | D0 (0 FFR within 500 m) | 68.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 500 m) | 18.2 | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | |
| D2 (2 FFR within 500 m) | 7.4 | 1.32 (1.17–1.49) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.09 (0.97–1.24) | |
| D3 (≥3 FFR within 500 m) | 5.9 | 1.48 (1.30–1.69) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | |
| HF | D0 (0 FFR within 500 m) | 68.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 500 m) | 18.2 | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | |
| D2 (2 FFR within 500 m) | 7.4 | 1.15 (0.90–1.46) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | |
| D3 (≥3 FFR within 500 m) | 5.9 | 1.97 (1.59–2.44) | 1.27 (1.02–1.57) | 1.25 (1.01–1.56) | |
| 1000 m | |||||
| CVD | D0 (0 FFR within 1000 m) | 37.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 1000 m) | 21.4 | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | |
| D2 (2–4 FFR within 1000 m) | 31.2 | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | |
| D3 (≥5 FFR within 1000 m) | 10.0 | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | |
| CHD | D0 (0 FFR within 1000 m) | 15.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 1000 m) | 16.9 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | |
| D2 (2–4 FFR within 1000 m) | 30.2 | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | |
| D3 (≥5 FFR within 1000 m) | 37.8 | 1.25 (1.14–1.37) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | |
| Stroke | D0 (0 FFR within 1000 m) | 37.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 1000 m) | 21.4 | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 0.98 (0.99–1.08) | |
| D2 (2–4 FFR within 1000 m) | 31.2 | 1.19 (1.10–1.30) | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | |
| D3 (≥5 FFR within 1000 m) | 10.0 | 1.37 (1.22–1.54) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | |
| HF | D0 (0 FFR within 1000 m) | 37.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (1 FFR within 1000 m) | 21.4 | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 0.98 (0.99–1.08) | |
| D2 (2–4 FFR within 1000 m) | 31.2 | 1.21 (1.07–1.35) | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | |
| D3 (≥5 FFR within 1000 m) | 10.0 | 1.34 (0.98–1.82) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | |
| 3000 m | |||||
| CVD | D0 (0–3 FFR within 3000 m) | 45.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (4–10 FFR within 3000 m) | 43.1 | 1.00 (0.97 -1.02) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | |
| D2 (11–27 FFR within 3000 m) | 10.3 | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | |
| D3 (≥28 FFR within 3000 m) | 1.1 | 1.26 (1.11–1.41) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.98 (0.86–1.10) | |
| CHD | D0 (0–3 FFR within 3000 m) | 45.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (4–10 FFR within 3000 m) | 43.1 | 1.06 (0.998–1.12) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | |
| D2 (11–27 FFR within 3000 m) | 10.3 | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | |
| D3 (≥28 FFR within 3000 m) | 1.1 | 1.19 (0.92–1.53) | 1.01 (0.78–1.31) | 1.00 (0.78–1.30) | |
| Stroke | D0 (0–3 FFR within 3000 m) | 45.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (4–10 FFR within 3000 m) | 43.1 | 1.10 (1.01–1.19) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.05 (0.97–1.15) | |
| D2 (11–27 FFR within 3000 m) | 10.3 | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | |
| D3 (≥28 FFR within 3000 m) | 1.1 | 1.24 (0.88–1.75) | 0.89 (0.63–1.25) | 0.89 (0.63–1.25) | |
| HF | D0 (0–3 FFR within 3000 m) | 45.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| D1 (4–10 FFR within 3000 m) | 43.1 | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | |
| D2 (11–27 FFR within 3000 m) | 10.3 | 1.21 (1.07–1.35) | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | |
| D3 (≥28 FFR within 3000 m) | 1.1 | 134 (0.98–1.82) | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | 0.91 (0.66–1.67) | |
Bold odds ratios are statistically significantly different against the reference category (p < 0.05). Analyses were conducted for areas with < 1000 addresses per km2. Base model: unadjusted model; Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, comorbidity and neighbourhood-level income; Model 2: adjusted for covariates of Model 1 plus additional adjustments for population density.
CVD: cardiovascular disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; HF: heart failure; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; FFR: fast food restaurant (outlet).