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Patient's magnetic resonance imaging image before and 3 months after the total removal of left-sided periventricular gray matter heterotopia extending from occipital to temporal lobe using the awake–awake–awake craniotomy ([a–d] preoperative magnetic resonance imaging; [e–h] postoperative images). Heterotopia marked with white asterisk. Image “d” demonstrates the data obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging showing the close location of sensory speech area to heterotopia
