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. 2017 Apr 21;49(4):e319. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.31

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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Cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis in WT and HCN1−/− mice. (a) Characteristic inflammation was detected in histological bladder sections of CYP-treated WT and HCN1−/− mice. Urothelial thickness (b) and bladder weight (c) were significantly increased in both CYP-treated WT and HCN1−/− mice (data represent the mean±s.d., N=10, ***P<0.001, versus naive mice). (d, f) IL-6 and TNF-α protein expression levels in the bladders of both WT and HCN1−/− mice were significantly elevated when these mice were treated with CYP (data represent the mean±s.d., N=6, ***P<0.001, versus naive mice). (e, g) IL-6 and TNF-α protein expression levels were significantly enhanced in the bladder samples of patients undergoing chemotherapy (data represent the mean±s.d., N=5, ***P<0.001, versus control sample).