Table 1. Descriptive statistics for obesity, cognitive functions, demographics, health status, health behaviors, and personality characteristics.
| M | SD | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Mean age (years) | 56.49 | 12.35 | 32–84 |
| Sex (% of male) | 45% | ||
| Education1 | 7.28 | 2.54 | 1–12 |
| Household income ($) | 57,081 | 55,217 | 0–200,000 |
| Subjective social status | 4.49 | 1.82 | 1–10 |
| Health status | |||
| Number of chronic disease2 | 2.44 | 2.38 | 0–13 |
| Stroke | 1% | ||
| Hypertension | 31% | ||
| Diabetes | 10% | ||
| Physical health evaluation | 2.44 | 1.01 | 1–5 |
| Health behaviors | |||
| Non-smoker (%) | 52% | ||
| Former smoker (%) | 34% | ||
| Current smoker (%) | 14% | ||
| Alcohol consumer (%) | 59% | ||
| Personality3 | |||
| Neuroticism | 2.06 | 0.62 | 1–4 |
| Openness to experience | 2.90 | 0.54 | 1–4 |
| Conscientious | 3.46 | 0.45 | 1–4 |
| Extraversion | 3.10 | 0.57 | 1–4 |
| Agreeableness | 3.45 | 0.50 | 1–4 |
| Obesity | |||
| Body mass index2 | 27.89 | 5.67 | 14.23–51.10 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio2 | 0.91 | 0.11 | 0.50–1.32 |
| Cognitive functions | |||
| Episodic memory (z-score) | 0.01 | 1.01 | −3.07 to 3.83 |
| Executive functions (z-score) | 0.00 | 0.99 | −4.80 to 3.39 |
Notes:
SDs are shown in parentheses.
1
Education attainment was rated on a scale of 1 (No school) to 12 (Ph.D, Ed.D, MD, LLB, LLD, JD, or other professional degree).
2
Values were winsorized to reduce the effect of extreme outliers.
3
Each personality score was computed by averaging the respective personality items (Rossi, 2001) rated on a four-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 4 = a lot), with higher scores indicating a higher amount of that particular personality dimension (e.g. greater neuroticism).