| Immediate word list recall task |
Episodic verbal memory |
Total number of accurate responses |
Participants were presented with 15 words and instructed to recall the items |
6.74 (2.30) |
0–15 |
| Backward digit span |
Working memory |
Highest number of digits recalled up to 8 |
Participants were given a series of numbers and instructed to recall the numbers backwards |
5.01 (1.50) |
0–8 |
| Categorical fluency |
Verbal ability and speed of processing |
The frequency of unique responses generated |
Participants were instructed to produce as many words as possible from each given category within a minute |
18.80 (6.17) |
0–42 |
| Delayed word list recall task |
Episodic verbal memory and forgetting |
Total number of accurate responses |
Participants were presented with 15 words and instructed to recall the items after a long delay |
4.45 (2.63) |
0–14 |
| Number series |
Inductive reasoning and fluid intelligence |
Total number of accurate responses |
Participants were given strings of numbers and instructed to deduce the next number in the series |
2.28 (1.52) |
0–5 |
| Backward counting task |
Speed of processing |
Total number of accurate responses, derived from the last number reached, taking off from errors |
Participants were instructed to count backwards from 100 |
37.15 (11.31) |
−2 to 90 |
| Stop and go switch task |
Inhibitory control and task-switching |
The average of reaction time differences between incongruent trials and congruent trials (inhibitory control) and reaction time differences between switch trials and nonswitch trials (task-switching) |
Participants were instructed to complete two single-task blocks and a mixed-task block. In the first single-task block, all of the trials were congruent trials where participants were instructed to give a verbal response ‘stop’ and ‘go’ as quickly as possible when they heard the words ‘red’ and ‘green,’ respectively. In the second single-task block, all of the trials were incongruent where participants were instructed to respond with ‘go’ and ‘stop’ when they heard ‘red’ and green,’ respectively. In the mixed block, participants were required to alternate between congruent and incongruent rules based on the cue presented (‘normal’ or ‘reverse’) by the experimenter |
1.09 (0.25) |
0.22–3.82 |
