Table 3.

Virotherapy studies using hydrogel culture models

3-D culture system	Tumor entity	OV	Notes	Reference
Collagen-gel coculture model	Breast cancer	Measles vaccine virus	Targeting tumor stroma with OV	47
Matrigel cultures	Epithelial ovarian cancer	Adenovirus	Development of OVs using directed evolution in 2-D vs 3-D cultures	53
	Prostate adenocarcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, embryonic teratocarcinoma	HSV1	Oncolytic activity in 2-D vs 3-D cultures; impact of ECM on resistance	51
	Prostate cancer	Adenovirus	Targeting tumor and tumor endothelium	52
	Uveal melanoma	HSV1	Identification of resistant tumor cell populations; impact of ECM	50
PEG–fibrin hydrogel	Lung adenocarcinoma	Adenovirus	Oncolytic activity in 3-D cultures, role of stromal components and microenvironment	48

Abbreviations: 2-D, two-dimensional; 3-D, three-dimensional; ECM, extracellular matrix; HSV, herpes simplex virus; OV, oncolytic virus.