Table 4.

Virotherapy studies employing organotypic tissue cultures

3-D culture system	Tumor entity	OV	Notes	Reference
Organotypic slices	Breast cancer	Adenovirus	Tumor specificity using mRNA translational control	58
			Replication and infectivity in 3-D cultures	66
			Comparison of efficacy of different adenoviruses	67
			Tissue-specific promoters to provide tumor specificity	59
	Colon carcinoma	Adenovirus	Precision-cut tumor-tissue slices for preclinical evaluation	57
	Glioma	Adenovirus	Developing and testing of a TRAIL-armed OV	68
		HSV1	Impact of macrophage and microglia depletion on intratumoral virus titers	69
		Vesicular stomatitis virus	Oncolytic activity and toxicity of vesicular stomatitis virus	70
	Liver slices	Adenovirus	Hepatotoxicity of oncolytic adenovirus	60
	Melanoma	Newcastle disease virus	Influence of ECM on virus spread and oncolysis	71
	Primary and secondary liver tumors	Measles vaccine virus	Precision-cut liver tumor slices for preclinical evaluation of oncolytic measles vaccine virus	56
	Prostate cancer, brain tumors	HSV1	Protocol for testing HSV1 in organotypic cultures	72
Tissue explants	Bladder cancer	Vaccinia virus	Preclinical testing of selectivity and safety of vaccinia virus	64
	Colorectal cancer, cervical cancer	Vaccinia virus	Clinical trial for intravenous application of a vaccinia virus targeting the Ras pathway	65
	Prostate cancer	HSV1	Analysis of oncolytic activity and mechanism	61
			Combining vinblastine and OV to target tumor and neovasculature	62

Abbreviations: 3-D, three-dimensional; ECM, extracellular matrix; HSV, herpes simplex virus; OV, oncolytic virus.