Table 5.

Virotherapy studies using organotypic raft cultures, the CAM model, or organoid culture

3-D culture system	Tumor entity	Oncolytic virus	Notes	Reference
CAM	Melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, glioblastoma	Adenovirus	CAM tumor assay for preclinical testing of adenoviruses	74
Organotypic raft cultures	Cervical cancer	Adenovirus	Safety and efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses	75
	Cervical cancer	Adenovirus	Organotypic keratinocyte culture for preclinical testing of oncolytic adenoviruses	76
	Head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinomas	Adenovirus	Targeting adenoviruses to surface antigens with antibodies	77
	Melanoma	Adenovirus	Different cell selectivity in 2-D vs 3-D cultures	78
Organoids	Glioblastoma	Zika virus	Oncolytic activity and specificity to glioblastoma stem-like cells	63

Abbreviations: 2-D, two-dimensional; 3-D, three-dimensional; CAM, chicken chorioallantoic membrane.