Table 3.
Most frequently reported drugs that induce TIN
| Suspected drug | Cases (n) | ROR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gliclazide | 13 | 30.5 | 17.4–53.2 |
| Tosufloxacin tosilate hydrate | 38 | 29.5 | 21.3–41.0 |
| Piperacillin–tazobactam | 80 | 24.3 | 19.4–30.5 |
| Cefteram pivoxil | 10 | 23.5 | 12.5–44.2 |
| Mefenamic acid | 15 | 22.5 | 13.4–37.7 |
| Cefotaxime sodium | 10 | 21.5 | 11.5–40.5 |
| Mesalazine | 85 | 20.1 | 16.1–25.0 |
| Piperacillin sodium | 97 | 19.6 | 16.0–24.1 |
| Polaprezinc | 10 | 19.3 | 10.3–36.2 |
| Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate | 11 | 17.8 | 9.8–32.4 |
| Benidipine hydrochloride | 14 | 17.4 | 10.2–29.6 |
| Loxoprofen sodium hydrate | 205 | 15.8 | 13.7–18.2 |
| Ketoprofen | 11 | 15.5 | 8.5–28.3 |
| Loratadine | 10 | 14.4 | 7.7–27.0 |
| Cefdinir | 21 | 14.1 | 9.2–21.8 |
| Tretinoin | 12 | 13.6 | 7.7–24.2 |
| Cefditoren pivoxil | 23 | 12.8 | 8.5–19.4 |
| Ibuprofen | 14 | 12.7 | 7.5–21.5 |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid | 17 | 11.6 | 7.2–18.8 |
| Pyrazinamide | 17 | 11.6 | 7.2–18.8 |
| Acetaminophen | 116 | 11.5 | 9.6–13.9 |
| Limaprost alfadex | 13 | 11.5 | 6.7–20.0 |
| Atazanavir sulfate | 11 | 10.3 | 5.7–18.8 |
| Omeprazole | 39 | 10.2 | 7.4–14.1 |
| Rebamipide | 43 | 10.2 | 7.5–13.8 |
| Enalapril maleate | 20 | 10.2 | 6.5–15.9 |
| Rifampicin | 35 | 9.6 | 6.9–13.5 |
| Cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride hydrate | 33 | 9.4 | 6.6–13.2 |
| Montelukast sodium | 10 | 8.3 | 4.4–15.5 |
| Abacavir sulfate | 14 | 7.2 | 4.2–12.1 |
| Eldecalcitol | 14 | 7.1 | 4.2–12.0 |
| Vancomycin hydrochloride | 40 | 7.1 | 5.2–9.7 |
| Ethambutol hydrochloride | 20 | 6.9 | 4.4–10.7 |
| Moxifloxacin hydrochloride | 10 | 6.7 | 3.6–12.6 |
| Levofloxacin hydrate | 58 | 6.7 | 5.1–8.7 |
| Diclofenac sodium | 66 | 6.6 | 5.2–8.5 |
| Famotidine | 50 | 6.2 | 4.7–8.2 |
| Isoniazid | 21 | 5.5 | 3.6–8.5 |
| Candesartan cilexetil | 24 | 5.2 | 3.5–7.7 |
| Minocycline hydrochloride | 18 | 5.1 | 3.2–8.1 |
| Risedronate sodium hydrate | 13 | 5.1 | 2.9–8.8 |
| Clarithromycin | 40 | 5.0 | 3.6–6.8 |
| Ceftriaxone sodium hydrate | 27 | 4.9 | 3.4–7.2 |
| Cefazolin sodium | 15 | 4.6 | 2.8–7.7 |
| Lansoprazole | 45 | 4.5 | 3.3–6.0 |
| Allopurinol | 42 | 4.4 | 3.2–5.9 |
| Rosuvastatin calcium | 14 | 4.2 | 2.5–7.2 |
| Sodium rabeprazole | 13 | 4.1 | 2.4–7.2 |
| Ampicillin–sulbactam | 11 | 4.1 | 2.3–7.5 |
| Meropenem hydrate | 22 | 4.1 | 2.7–6.3 |
| Carbocisteine | 12 | 4.0 | 2.3–7.1 |
| Amoxicillin hydrate | 25 | 3.9 | 2.7–5.9 |
| Adefovir pivoxil | 11 | 3.9 | 2.2–7.1 |
| Garenoxacin mesilate hydrate | 15 | 3.8 | 2.3–6.3 |
| Atorvastatin calcium hydrate | 18 | 3.1 | 1.9–4.9 |
| Lamivudine | 18 | 2.9 | 1.8–4.7 |
| Glimepiride | 15 | 2.9 | 1.7–4.8 |
| Amlodipine besilate | 25 | 2.9 | 1.9–4.3 |
| Sodium valproate | 30 | 2.6 | 1.8–3.8 |
| Aspirin | 32 | 2.3 | 1.7–3.3 |
| Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole | 17 | 2.2 | 1.3–3.5 |
| Celecoxib | 12 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.3 |
| Valaciclovir hydrochloride | 17 | 1.7 | 1.1–2.7 |
| Pregabalin | 27 | 1.7 | 1.2–2.5 |
| Carbamazepine | 29 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.2 |
Abbreviations: ROR, reporting odds ratio; TIN, tubulointerstitial nephritis.