Table 5.

Kidney MDA, H₂O₂, PCO, AOPP, NPSH, GSH and MT levels in control and treated rats with penconazole (PEN), N. retusa aqueous extract (NRE) or their combination (NRE + PEN).

Parameters and treatments	Controls	PEN	NRE + PEN	NRE
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	142.75 ± 9.63	238.01 ± 18.62***	213.81 ± 15.14***#	147.22 ± 16.49
H2O2 (nmol/mg protein)	0.042 ± 0.004	0.064 ± 0.005***	0.056 ± 0.005***#	0.045 ± 0.004
PCO (nmol/mg protein)	0.59 ± 0.05	0.84 ± 0.05***	0.75 ± 0.06***#	0.56 ± 0.05
AOPP (nmol/mg protein)	0.20 ± 0.02	0.37 ± 0.02***	0.31 ± 0.01***###	0.21 ± 0.02
NPSH (μmol/g tissue)	2.40 ± 0.12	2.76 ± 0.05***	2.50 ± 0.04*###	2.47 ± 0.07
GSH (μg/g tissue)	29.74 ± 1.45	34.05 ± 2.30**	31.55 ± 1.08*#	30.86 ± 0.71
MT (μmol GSH/g tissue)	0.49 ± 0.01	0.57 ± 0.06**	0.50 ± 0.03#	0.47 ± 0.04

Values are means ± SD for six rats in each group.

MDA: malondialdehyde, H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide, PCO: protein carbonyls, AOPP: advanced oxidation protein products, NPSH: non-protein thiols, GSH: reduced glutathione MT: metallothionein.

PEN and NRE + PEN groups vs. control group:

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.

NRE + PEN group vs PEN group:

^#p < 0.05.

^###p < 0.001.