Figure 6. Limited clinical translation: the role of (s.c.) cancer xenograft models.

A-B: EPR-based tumor accumulation of different nanomedicine formulations in immunocompetent versus immunocompromised mice. As compared to immunocompromised animals, immunocompetent mice tend to show increased accumulation. The location of xenograft tumors also impacts nanomedicine accumulation (adapted from [219]). C: Schematic overview of discrepancies between typically used preclinical tumor xenograft models and the real-life clinical situation. D: Comparing histology for a human primary tumor, its PDX model and the traditionally used cell line-based xenograft tumor model illustrates the fairly high similarity between the primary tumor and the PDX model, and the fairly low similarity between the primary tumor and the cell line-based xenograft tumor model (adapted from [232]).