Figure 7. Use of organoids and PDX models to promote translational (nanomedicine) research.

Tumor cells harvested via biopsies can be used for the development of organoids as well as for PDX models. Organoids enable drug screening and cytotoxicity studies, while PDX models allow for in vivo drug accumulation and treatment response studies. When performed together, these setups may help to perform more efficient and more predictive preclinical research, and they may assist in identifying the the right (nano-) drug treatment for the right patient.