Table 3.
Index | Theoretical framework |
Dimensions |
Dimensional structure |
Indicator selection |
Normalization |
Aggregation technique |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recommen-dations | Mediterranean diet | Target region (analyzed region) | Adequacy | Moderation | Balance | Variety |
|
Data base |
|
|
Scoring range | Weighted | |
BSDS-M-2014, Kanerva et al. (2014)22 | × | Nordic countries (Finland) | × | × | Ratio PUFA/(SFA+ trans-fatty acids) | Ordered | 131-item FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 9] | Equally by indicators | ||
BSDS-Q-2014, Kanerva et al. (2014)22 | × | Nordic countries (Finland) | × | × | Ratio PUFA/(SFA+ trans-fatty acids) | Ordered | 131-item FFQ | Both | Ordinala | [0; 25] | Equally by indicators | ||
D-HDI-2003, Dynesen et al. (2003)23 | × | Denmark | × | × | Ordered | 13-item short FFQ | FG | Ordinal | [0; 15] | Equally by indicators | |||
D-DQI-2012, Knudsen et al. (2012)24 | × | Denmark | × | × | Not ordered | Food diary | Both | Metric | [0; 6] | Equally by indicators | |||
DQI-1994, Patterson et al. (1994)25 | × | USA | × | × | Not ordered | 24-h recall + 2 d food record | Both | Ordinal | [0; 16]b | By number of indicators per recommendation | |||
DQI-2003, Seymour et al. (2003)8 | × | USA | × | × | Not ordered | 68-item FFQ | Both | Ordinal | [0; 16]b | By number of indicators per recommendation | |||
DQI-R-1999, Haines et al. (1999)26 | × | USA | × | × | × | Orderedc | 24-h recall method | Both | Ordinal/metric | [0; 100] | Equally per main component | ||
DQI-R-2003, Newby et al. (2003)27 | × | USA | × | × | × | Orderedc | 131-item FFQ + 2 1-wk food record | Both | Ordinal/metric | [0; 100] | Equally per main component | ||
DQI-I-2003, Kim et al. (2003)28 | × | Global | × | × | Ratio CH/PR/FA and PUFA/MUFA/SFA | × | Nested | 24-h recall method | Both | Ordinal/metric | [0; 100] | By indicators and subscores | |
DQI-SNR-2011, Drake et al. (2011)29 | × | Sweden | × | × | PUFA range | Not ordered | Modified DHM | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 6] | Equally by indicators | ||
CH-DQI-2000, Stookey et al. (2000)30 | × | China | × | × | FA and CH range | × | Nested | 24-h recall method | Both | Ordinal/metric | [−74; 56] | By indicators | |
Med-DQI-2000, Gerber et al. (2000)5 | × | (×) | South France | × | × | Ordered | 162-item FFQ | Both | Ordinal | [0; 14]b | Equally by indicators | ||
Med-DQI-f-2000, Gerber et al. (2000)5 | × | (×) | South France | × | × | Ordered | 162-item FFQ | Both | Ordinal | [0; 16]b | Equally by indicators | ||
Med-DQI-2006, Gerber (2006)31 | × | (×) | Mediterranean region (France) | × | × | Ordered | 134-item FFQ | Both | Ordinal | [0; 14]b | Equally by indicators | ||
DQS-2002, Fitzgerald et al. (2002)32 | × | North America (Canada) | × | × | CH range | Ordered | 24-h recall method | Nutrients | Dichotomous | [0; 17] | Equally by indicators | ||
DQS-2007, Toft et al. (2007)33 | × | Denmark | × | × | Ordered | 48-item FFQ (validated by 198-item FFQ) | FG | Ordinal | [0; 12] | Equally by indicators | |||
DBS-2009, Kant et al. (2009)34 | × | USA | × | × | Ordered | 124-item FFQ | FG | Ordinal | [0; 36] | Equally by indicators | |||
DGAI-2005 Fogli-Cawley et al. (2006)35 | × | USA | × | × | FA range | Not ordered | 126-item FFQ | Both | Ordinal | [0; 20] | Equally by indicatorsd | ||
DQINB-1999, Löwik et al. (1999)36 | × | Nether-lands | × | × | Not ordered | 2-d food records | Nutrients | Dichotomous | [0; 5] | Equally by indicators | |||
GFPI-2010, von Ruesten et al. (2010)37 | × | Germany | × | × | Ordered | 148-item FFQ | FG | Metric | [0; 110] | Equally by indicators | |||
HDI-1997, Huijbregts et al. (1997)38 | × | (Europe) | × | × | PR, CH, and PUFA range | Not ordered | Cross-check DHM | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 9] | Equally by indicators | ||
HDI-2011, Cade et al. (2011)39 | × | (UK) | × | × | FA, CH, PR, and PUFA range | Not ordered | 219-item FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 10] | Equally by indicators | ||
HDI-2013, Berentzen et al. (2013)40 | × | (Nether-lands) | × | × | PR and PUFA range | Not ordered | FFQ (79 main foods/178 foods) | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 7] | Equally by indicators | ||
HDS-2005, Maynard et al. (2005)41 | × | UK | × | × | PR, CH, and PUFA range | Not ordered | 113-item FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 12] | Equally by indicators | ||
HEI-1995, Kennedy et al. (1995)42 | × | USA | × | × | × | Ordered | 24-h recall + 2-d food record | Both | Metric | [0; 100] | Equally by indicators | ||
HEI-2005, Guenther et al. (2008)43 | × | USA | × | × | Ordered | 24-h recall | Both | Metric | [0; 100] | By indicators | |||
HEI-2010, Guenther et al. (2013)44 | × | USA | × | × | Ratio (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA | Ordered | Not specified | Both | Metric | [0; 100] | By indicators | ||
HEI-2015, National Cancer Institute45 | × | USA | × | × | Ratio (PUFA+MUFA)/SFA | Ordered | Not specified | Both | Metric | [0; 100] | By indicators | ||
HEI-f-2000, McCullough et al. (2000)46,47 | × | USA | × | × | × | Ordered | 131-item FFQ /116-item FFQ | Both | Metric | [0; 100] | Equally by indicators | ||
AHEI-2002, McCullough et al. (2002)48 | × | USA | × | × | Ratio PUFA/SFA | Not ordered | ≈130-item FFQ | Both | Metrice | [2.5; 87.5] | Equally by indicatorse | ||
AHEI-2010, Chiuve et al. (2012)49 | × | USA | × | × | Not ordered | FFQ | Both | Metric | [0; 110] | Equally by indicators | |||
C-HEI-2005, Shatenstein et al. (2005)50 | × | Canada | × | × | × | Ordered | 73-item FFQ | Both | Metric | [0; 100] | Equally by indicatorsf | ||
DQI-a-2010, Jaime et al. (2010)74 | × | Brazil | × | × | × | Ordered | 24-h recall | Both | Metric | [0; 100] | Equally by indicators | ||
HFI-2001, Osler et al. (2001)51 | × | (Denmark) | × | × | Ordered | 26-item FFQ | FG | Dichotomous | [0; 4] | Equally by indicators | |||
HFNI-2006, Bazelmans et al. (2006)52 | × | Belgium | × | × | PR, CH, and PUFA range | Not ordered | 1-d food record | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 8] | Equally by indicators | ||
IMI-2011, Agnoli et al. (2011)53 | × | Italy | × | × | Ordered | 140-, 188-, and 217-item FFQ | FG | Dichotomous | [0; 11] | Equally by indicators | |||
MAI-1999, Alberti-Fidanza et al. (1999)54 | × | Mediterranean region (Italy) | × | × | Nested | DHM + weighted record method | FG | Ordinal/metric | [0; 99.99] | Equally per food groups | |||
MAI-2006, Knoops et al. (2006)55 | × | (Europe) | × | × | Nested | DHM | Both | Metric | Not normalized | Equally by indicators | |||
MEDAS-2011, Schröder et al. (2011)56 | × | (Spain) | × | × | Not ordered | MEDAS- questionnaire (screener) | FG | Dichotomous | [0; 14] | Equally by indicators | |||
MEDAS-2013, Domínguez et al. (2013)57 | × | Mediterranean region (Spain) | × | × | Not ordered | 136-item FFQ | FG | Dichotomous | [0; 13] | By indicators (the number of Bradford Hill criteria met by each component) | |||
MDS-1995, Trichopoulou et al. (1995)58 | × | Mediterranean region (Greece) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Not ordered | 190-item FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 8] | Equally by indicators | ||
MDS-2001, Haveman-Nies et al. (2001)59 | × | Western countries (USA, Europe) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Not ordered | Modified DHM or FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 8] | Equally by indicators | ||
MDS-2002, Haveman-Nies et al. (2002)60 | × | Western countries (Europe) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Not ordered | Modified DHM | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 7] | Equally by indicators | ||
MDS-2003, Trichopoulou et al. (2003)61 | × | (Greece) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Ordered | 150-item FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 9] | Equally by indicators | ||
MDS-2004, Knoops et al. (2004)62 | × | Western countries (Europe) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Not ordered | DHM | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 8] | Equally by indicators | ||
MDS-2011, Cade et al. (2011)39 | × | (UK) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Ordered | 219-item FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 10] | Equally by indicators | ||
mMDS-2005, Trichopoulou et al. (2005)63 | × | Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean region (Europe) | × | × | Ratio (MUFA+PUFA)/SFA | Ordered | FFQ, FFQ + food record | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 9] | Equally by indicators | ||
mMDS-2014, Yang et al. (2014)64 | × | Non-Mediterranean region (USA) | × | × | Not ordered | Lifestyle questionnaire with 15 questions on diet | FG | Ordinal | [0; 42] | Equally by indicatorsf (+ wine scores) | |||
aMED-2005, Fung et al. (2005)65 | × | (USA) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Not ordered | 140-item FFQ | Both | Dichotomous | [0; 9] | Equally by indicators | ||
MDP-2002, Sanchez-Villegas et al. (2002)66 | × | Mediterranean region (Spain) | × | × | Ratio MUFA/SFA | Ordered | FFQ | Both | Metric | [0%; 100%] | Equally by indicators | ||
MeDiet-2008, Sánchez-Taínta et al. (2008)67 | × | Mediterranean region (Spain) | × | × | Not ordered | 14-item MeDiet questionnaire | FG | Dichotomous | [0; 14] | Equally by indicators | |||
MS-2003, Goulet et al. (2003)68 | × | World-wide (French Canada) | × | × | Ordered | 91-item FFQ | FG | Ordinal | [0; 44] | Equally by indicators | |||
MSDPS-2009, Rumawas et al. (2009)69 | × | Non-Mediterranean region (USA) | × | × | Not ordered | 126-item FFQ + further items possible | FG | Metricg | [0; 100] | Equally by indicators | |||
RCI-2008, Mazzocchi et al. (2008)70 | × | (World-wide) | × | × | FA, PR, and CH range | Ordered | Food Balance Sheets (FAO) | Both | Metric | [0; 1] | Alternative sets of weights | ||
rMED-2009, Buckland et al. (2009)71 | × | Mediterranean region (Spain) | × | × | Ordered | DHQ | FG | Ordinala | [0; 18] | Equally by indicators | |||
rMED-2010, Buckland et al. (2010)72 | × | Mainly non-Mediterranean countries (Europe) | × | × | Ordered | DHQ, FFQ, or FFQ + food record | FG | Ordinala | [0; 18] | Equally by indicators | |||
arMED-2013, Buckland et al. (2013)73 | × | Mainly non-Mediterranean countries (Europe) | × | × | Ordered | DHQ, FFQ, or FFQ + food record | FG | Ordinal | [0; 16] | Equally by indicators |
The sign × indicates a fit with the respective construction criterion. Gray shading indicates preferable features of dietary quality indices. For balance only ranges of fat, protein, or carbohydrates as well as ranges of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered. Recommendations include also recommendations by dietary guidelines or food pyramids.
Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternate Healthy Eating Index; aMED, Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score; BSDS, Baltic Sea Diet Score; C-HEI, Canadian Health Eating Index; CH, carbohydrates; CH-DQI, Chinese Diet Quality Index; D-HDI, Danish Healthy Diet Index; D-DQI, Danish Diet Quality Index; DBS, Dietary Behavior Score; DGAI, Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index; DHM, diet history method; DHQ, diet history questionnaire; DQI, Diet Quality Index; DQI-a, Diet Quality Index adjusted for energy requirement; DQI-I, Diet Quality Index-International; DQI-R, Diet Quality Index-Revised; DQI-SNR, Diet Quality Index-Swedish Nutrition Recommendation; DQINB, Dietary Quality Index Nutrition Based; DQS, Diet Quality Score; FA, fat; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; FG, food groups; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; GFPI, German Food Pyramid Index; HDI, Healthy Diet Indicator; HDS, Healthy Diet Score; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; HEI-f, Health Eating Index-Frequency Questionnaire; HFI, Healthy Food Index; HFNI, Healthy Food and Nutrient Index; IMI, Italian Mediterranean Index; MAI, Mediterranean Adequacy Index; MDP, Mediterranean Dietary Pattern; MDS, Mediterranean Diet Score; Med-DQI, Mediterranean Diet Quality Index; MEDAS, Mediterranean Adherence Diet Screener; MeDiet, Mediterranean Food Pattern; mMDS, Modified Mediterranean Diet Score; MS, Mediterranean Score; MSDPS, Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PR, proteins; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; RCI, Recommendation Compliance Index; rMED, Relative Mediterranean Diet; SFA, saturated fatty acids.
This is valid except for alcohol.
Higher scores indicate less healthy diets.
Thereby, total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes are not part of a predefined moderation subindex.
This is valid except for multivitamin use.
This is valid except for half weights on low-fat dairy and low-fat meat indicators.
This is valid except for combined fruit and vegetable group with a doubled score.
This is valid except for olive oil.