Table 1.
Flood management challenges identified from systematic literature review. More details about the challenges and reporting literature is available in Supplementary Material S1. Numbers correspond to the reviewed documents listed in Supplementary Material S1
| Challenges | Reporting literature |
|---|---|
| G1 Technical challenges | |
| C1 Lack of knowledge and understandings about the flood mechanisms in the floodplain | 1–4, 6, 8, 11, 13–15, 18– 24, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 40, 42, 45–48, 51, 53–57 |
| C2 Existing flood protection measures create unwanted impacts | 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 21, 24, 26, 28, 31, 32, 37, 40, 42, 46, 48, 52, 55, 58 |
| C3 Flood forecasting and early warning systems are not effective and reliable | 1, 17, 18, 25, 43, 51, 52 |
| C4 Research results are not taken up in flood management | 1, 17, 18, 22, 25, 32, 44, 58 |
| C5 Local, indigenous knowledge is underused in flood management | 12, 17, 18, 32, 39, 43 |
| C6 Suitable strategies and measures for flood management are not available | 5, 8, 17, 18, 25, 28, 31, 49, 51, 53, 58, 60 |
| C7 Uncertainties in future climate change, sea-level rise and socioeconomic development hinder development of flood management plans | 2, 4, 11, 18, 22, 23, 25, 30, 33, 35, 40, 51, 53, 54 |
| G2 Governance and institutional challenges | |
| C8 Some factors causing flood are outside management boundary, i.e. in other country, province or district | 3, 15, 28, 42, 53, 58, 59 |
| C9 Limited coordination and collaboration in flood management across provinces and districts | 1, 5, 24, 34, 38, 41–43, 45, 52, 53, 57–59 |
| C10 Conflicting interests between different management departments and regions | 6, 7, 12, 15, 25, 26, 28, 34, 35, 42, 43 |
| C11 Flood and water management plans at different levels are inconsistent, causing difficulties in implementation | 8, 33, 35, 42, 43 |
| C12 Top-down, centralized approach to flood management | 31–35, 41–43 |
| C13 Flood management system is not responsive to new issues and challenges | 18, 25, 42, 45 |
| G3 Resource and capacity challenges | |
| C14 Flood management lacks financial resource | 1, 5, 17, 18, 20, 25, 32, 42, 45, 46, 49, 50, 53, 59 |
| C15 Finance for flood management does not reach relevant regions and stakeholders | 1, 5, 20, 41, 46, 50 |
| C16 Flood management staffs lack important capacities | 18, 25, 33, 34, 42, 58 |
| C17 Insufficient number of staffs for flood management | 34, 42 |
| C18 Lack of data and equipment for flood-risk management | 1, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 22, 24, 29, 30, 36, 43, 45, 46, 51, 57 |
| C19 Lack of legislative and institutional capacities for flood management | 1, 6, 24, 34, 41, 44, 58, 59 |