Table 2.
Bivariate Associations With Loneliness.
| Independent variables | N (adjusted for Maori oversample) | % lonely (53% total sample) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||||
| Age grouped | |||||
| 60–64 | 149 | 52% | 0.85 | [0.48, 1.50] | .96 |
| 65–69 | 218 | 53% | 0.91 | [0.53, 1.55] | |
| 70–74 | 175 | 53% | 0.91 | [0.52, 1.57] | |
| 75–79 | 72 | 56% | 1.00 | − | |
| Partnership status | |||||
| Partnered | 493 | 50% | 0.46 | [0.29, 0.72] | .001 |
| Not partnered | 121 | 69% | 1.00 | − | |
| Living arrangements | |||||
| With partner | 490 | 50% | 0.42 | [0.24, 0.74] | .008 |
| With others | 17 | 64% | 0.71 | [0.21, 2.37] | |
| Alone | 77 | 71% | 1.00 | − | |
| Education | |||||
| No qualifications | 159 | 49% | 0.69 | [0.43, 1.09] | .36 |
| Secondary | 125 | 51% | 0.74 | [0.45, 1.20] | |
| Postsecondary | 191 | 55% | 0.89 | [0.57, 1.39] | |
| Tertiary degree | 134 | 58% | 1.00 | − | |
| Employment | |||||
| Employed | 136 | 46% | 0.74 | [0.49, 1.13] | .38 |
| Other | 104 | 54% | 0.56 | [0.71, 1.41] | |
| Retired | 228 | 51% | 1.00 | − | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Hardship | 48 | 76% | 1.00 | − | .001 |
| Comfortable | 146 | 61% | 0.47 | [0.21, 1.09] | |
| Good | 382 | 49% | 0.29 | [0.13, 0.63] | |
| Location | |||||
| Urban | 501 | 54% | 1.00 | − | .20 |
| Rural | 110 | 48% | 0.76 | [0.51, 1.15] | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| NZ European | 380 | 52% | 0.59 | [0.31, 1.10] | .26 |
| Maori | 192 | 54% | 0.62 | [0.26, 1.47] | |
| Pacific | 38 | 64% | 1.00 | − | |
| Health | |||||
| Mental | |||||
| Q1 poor | 142 | 81% | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| Q2 | 142 | 61% | 0.37 | [0.21, 0.64] | |
| Q3 | 143 | 40% | 0.15 | [0.09, 0.27] | |
| Q4 very good | 144 | 30% | 0.10 | [0.05, 0.17] | |
| Physical | |||||
| Q1 poor | 144 | 59% | 1.00 | − | .08 |
| Q2 | 143 | 56% | 0.87 | [0.54, 1.42] | |
| Q3 | 145 | 44% | 0.56 | [0.34, 0.90] | |
| Q4 very good | 143 | 50% | 0.69 | [0.43, 1.11] | |
| Social connection | |||||
| Network type | |||||
| Family mainly | 38 | 57% | 0.47 | [0.16, 1.38] | − |
| Integrated (F, N.F) | 186 | 56% | 0.29 | [0.12, 0.72] | .05 |
| Neighbors | 151 | 47% | 0.43 | [0.17, 1.07] | |
| Friends | 49 | 55% | 0.48 | [0.17, 1.30] | |
| Private/restricted | 28 | 73% | 1.00 | − | |
| Volunteer | |||||
| Never | 222 | 56% | 1.00 | − | .44 |
| Occasionally | 153 | 54% | 0.90 | [0.56, 1.35] | |
| Regularly at least monthly | 239 | 53% | 0.78 | [0.54, 1.14] | |
| Participation | |||||
| Low negative | 171 | 64% | 1.00 | − | .003 |
| Mid | 168 | 51% | 0.58 | [0.38, 0.90] | |
| High positive | 271 | 48% | 0.51 | [0.34, 0.75] | |
| Internet use | |||||
| Never | 80 | 48% | 0.76 | [0.47, 1.23] | .53 |
| Every few months | 19 | 64% | 1.47 | [0.56, 3.88] | |
| Once a month | 8 | 28% | 0.32 | [0.07, 1.52] | |
| Several a month | 35 | 53% | 0.93 | [0.46, 1.87] | |
| Several a week | 84 | 56% | 1.05 | [0.65, 1.70] | |
| Daily | 352 | 55% | 1.00 | − | |
| Purpose in life | |||||
| Negative | 178 | 71% | 1.00 | − | <.001 |
| Mid | 275 | 52% | 0.44 | [0.29, 0.66] | |
| Positive | 161 | 38% | 0.26 | [0.16, 0.40] | |
Note. CI = confidence interval; F = family; N.F = no family; NZ = New Zealand.
*
p < .05.