Table 2.

Association Between Possible depression and Sociodemographic Factors, for Fathers Scoring 10/12 or More on the EPDS and/or 13 or More on the GMDS (multiple regression).

Depressive symptoms outcome	EPDSa alone (at EPDS ≥10) (N = 258)	EPDSa alone (at EPDS ≥12) (N = 121)	GMDSb alone (at EPDS ≥10) (N = 88)	GMDSb alone (at EPDS ≥12) (N = 141)	Both EPDSa + GMDSb (at EPDS ≥10) (N = 227)	Both EPDSa + GMDSb (at EPDS ≥12) (N = 174)
	Exp B (95% CI)	Exp B (95% CI)	Exp B (95% CI)	Exp B (95% CI)	Exp B (95% CI)	Exp B (95% CI)
Marital status
Single/living apart/widower	2.4 [0.8, 5.4]	0.6 [0.1, 4.4]	4.2 [1.3, 12.8]*	3.1 [1.1, 8.4]*	1.0 [0.2, 4.2]	0.5 [0.1, 3.8]
Married or cohabitant	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Income/month
<3,205 Euros	2.7 [1.8, 4.3]***	2.7 [1.4, 5.0]**	2.7 [1.3, 5.9]*	2.5 [1.4, 4.6]**	2.9 [1.8, 4.7]***	3.2 [1.8, 5.6]***
3,205–4,273 Euros	1.2 [0.6, 1.9]	0.8 [0.4, 1.6]	2.2 [1.0, 4.6]*	2.0 [1.1, 3.5]*	2.1 [1.3, 3.4]***	2.3 [1.3, 4.0]**
4,274–5,342 Euros	1.2 [0.7, 1.9]	1.1 [0.6, 2.2]	1.0 [0.4, 2.4]	1.0 [0.6 2.0]	1.1 [0.6, 1.8]	1.1 [0.6, 2.0]
>5,343 Euros	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Education
Other education	0.8 [0.4, 1.7]	1.2 [0.5, 3.3]	0.3 [0.0, 2.5]	0.2 [0.0, 1.4]	1.1 [0.5, 2.2]	1.4 [0.7, 2.8]
Public school	1.0 [0.5, 1.8]	1.5 [0.7, 3.3]	2.1 [0.9, 4.7]	1.4 [0.7, 2.9]	0.9 [0.5, 1.7]	1.0 [0.5, 2.0]
High school 2 years	0.7 [0.4, 1.4]	0.7 [0.3, 2.0]	1.4 [0.5, 3.4]	0.8 [0.4, 1.9]	1.0 [0.5, 1.7]	1.2 [0.6, 2.2]
High school 3–4 years	1.3 [0.9, 1.8]	1.9 [1.2, 3.1]**	1.1 [0.6, 1.9]	1.1 [0.7, 1.7]	1.1 [0.8, 1.6]	1.0 [0.7, 1.5]
Basic education adults	1.7 [1.1, 2.8]*	1.8 [0.9, 3.6]	1.8 [0.8, 3.9]	1.0 [0.5, 2.0]	0.8 [0.4, 1.5]	1.0 [0.5, 1.9]
University	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Country of birth
Born outside Sweden	1.6 [1.2, 2.2]**	1.5 [0.9, 2.3]	0.9 [0.5, 1.6]	0.8 [0.5, 1.3]	1.4 [1.0, 1.9]	1.6 [1.1, 2.3]*
Born in Sweden	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Paternal age, years
18–31	0.8 [0.6, 1.3]	0.8 [0.4, 1.3]	1.7 [0.8, 3.4]	1.2 [0.7, 2.0]	0.8 [0.6, 1.3]	0.9 [0.6, 1.5]
32–35	0.9 [0.6, 1.3]	0.8 [0.5, 1.4]	1.3 [0.7, 2.7]	1.1 [0.7, 1.9]	0.9 [0.6, 1.4]	1.0 [0.6, 1.5]
36–38	1.1 [0.8, 1.7]	0.8 [0.5, 1.5]	1.5 [0.7, 3.0]	1.2 [0.7, 2.1]	1.1 [0.7, 1.6]	1.0 [0.6, 1.7]
39 or older	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Number of children
One child	0.6 [0.4, 0.8]**	0.6 [0.3, 0.9]*	0.9 [0.4, 1.7]	0.8 [0.5, 1.5]	0.8 [0.5, 1.2]	0.7 [0.4, 1.2]
Two children	1.0 [0.7, 1.4]	0.9 [0.5, 1.5]	1.2 [0.6, 2.4]	1.2 [0.7, 2.1]	1.2 [0.8, 1.9]	1.1 [0.7, 1.8]
Three or more children	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference

Note. ^aEPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; ^bGMDS = Gotland Male Depression Scale.

^*p < .05. **p <.01. ***p < .001.