Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the population by clinical outcome, median (IQR), or N (%), or means ± SD.
| Variable | survival group (n = 418) | death group (n = 234) | Overall (n = 652) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, yrs | 72.4 ± 7.3 | 76.5 ± 8.0 | 73.9 ± 7.8 | <0.001 |
| male | 169 (40.4) | 126 (53.8) | 295 (45.2) | 0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Ischemia cardiomyopathy | 99 (23.7) | 57 (24.7) | 156 (23.9) | 0.966 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 98 (23.4) | 60 (25.6) | 158 (24.2) | 0.530 |
| Hypertension | 250 (59.8) | 134 (57.3) | 384 (58.9) | 0.527 |
| Current smoking | 113 (27.0) | 64 (27.4) | 177 (27.1) | 0.930 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 59 (14.1) | 32 (13.7) | 91 (14.0) | 0.877 |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 19 (4.5) | 11 (4.7) | 30 (4.6) | 0.928 |
| Valvular disease | 29 (6.9) | 14 (6.0) | 0.222 | 0.637 |
| Clinical Presentation | ||||
| NYHA class | <0.001 | |||
| III | 141 (33.7) | 28 (12.0) | 169 (25.9) | |
| IV | 277 (66.3) | 206 (88.0) | 483 (74.1) | |
| SBP on admission, mm Hg | 138.3 ± 25.3 | 138.9 ± 26.9 | 138.5 ± 25.9 | 0.783 |
| DBP on admission, mm Hg | 81.5 ± 14.5 | 80.2 ± 14.7 | 81.1 ± 14.6 | 0.262 |
| Heart rate on admission, bpm | 82.2 ± 22.3 | 88.2 ± 20.8 | 84.4 ± 21.9 | 0.001 |
| Laboratory results on admission | ||||
| Leukocyte count (×109/L) | 7.09 ± 2.60 | 7.64 ± 3.13 | 7.29 ± 2.82 | 0.074 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 125.7 ± 20.2 | 119.2 ± 22.7 | 123.4 ± 21.3 | 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 38.0 ± 4.1 | 35.9 ± 4.3 | 37.2 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| SGOT, U/L | 18 (12, 29) | 18 (11, 36) | 18 (12, 32) | 0.663 |
| SGPT, U/L | 22 (16, 37) | 23 (15, 43) | 22 (16, 38) | 0.858 |
| Creatinine, umol/L | 81 (69, 100) | 93 (74, 119) | 84 (70, 106) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, umol/L | 335 (257, 425) | 370 (272, 488) | 345 (259, 444) | 0.001 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 13.92 (11.04, 17.82) | 16.36 (12.72, 23.10) | 14.64 (11.58, 19.46) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.45 ± 1.21 | 4.14 ± 1.18 | 4.34 ± 1.21 | 0.001 |
| Low density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 2.67 ± 0.93 | 2.40 ± 0.95 | 2.57 ± 0.94 | 0.001 |
| High density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 1.17 ± 0.37 | 1.14 ± 0.48 | 1.16 ± 0.41 | 0.304 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.42 ± 1.00 | 1.30 ± 1.10 | 1.37 ± 1.03 | 0.177 |
| fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 6.17 ± 1.84 | 6.56 ± 2.20 | 6.31 ± 1.98 | 0.005 |
| serum potassium, mmol/L | 4.07 ± 0.53 | 4.12 ± 0.63 | 4.09 ± 0.57 | 0.381 |
| serum sodium, mmol/L | 140.1 ± 3.9 | 138.0 ± 5.1 | 139.3 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Troponin-I, ng/mL | 0.04 (0.01, 0.47) | 0.07 (0.02, 2.47) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.83) | 0.548 |
| BNP, ng/L | 752 (291, 1576) | 1167 (607, 2345) | 891 (363, 1759) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction on admission% | 52.3 ± 12.4 | 48.1 ± 13.2 | 50.8 ± 12.8 | <0.001 |
| Medical treatment at discharge | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 330 (78.9) | 183 (78.4) | 513 (78.7) | 0.890 |
| Beta-blockers | 273 (65.3) | 129 (55.1) | 402 (61.7) | 0.010 |
| Spironolactone | 276 (66.0) | 129 (55.1) | 405 (62.1) | 0.006 |
NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; SGOT, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; SGPT, serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; ACEI/ARB, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/Angiotensin receptor blockers.