Table 1.
Bullous pemphigoid and comorbidities.
| Study design | Cases (N) | Mean age (years) | Female: male ratio | Controls (N) | Confounders | Cardiovascular diseases*(%) | Neurological comorbidities (%) | Comparative measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kibsgaard et al. (1) (Denmark) | Case-series (retrospective) | 98 | 78 (SD ± 10) | 1.7 | NA | Adjusted for age and sex | 70 | Stroke: 12.2, dementia: 17.3 PD: 4, MS: 1 | NA |
| Banishahemi et al. (4) (Iran) | Retrospective descriptive study | 122 | 69 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Epilepsy: 0.8 PD: 1.6 | NA |
| Casas-de-la-Asunción et al. (18) (Spain) | Observational, retrospective, case-control | 54 | 80.8 | 1.5 | 108 | Adjusted for age and sex | NA | NA | OR of dementia: 4.6 (2.1–10.1), PD: 5.9 (1.8–19.7), CVD: 3.1 (1.2–7.9) |
| Gambichler et al. (21) (Germany) | Retrospective database study AND experimental study | 161 | 85/78 (±ND) | 2.7 (+ND) 2.6 (–ND) | NA | NA | NA | Dementia: 48.2, Stroke: 17.6, PD: 14.1 | NA |
| Gornowicz-Porowska et al. (19) (Poland) | Case-series (retrospective) | 82 | 78.5/74 (±ND) | 0.8 (+ND) 2.6 (–ND) | NA | NA | NA | 24 | Pearson X2 test used to check for relationship between ND development and the BP180/360 anti IgG level |
| Kalinska-Bienias et al. (25) (Poland) | Case-series (retrospective) | 205 | 76.2 | 0.6 | NA | NA | 38 | Dementia: 22.4, stroke: 13.7 PD: 4.9, depression:4.4 | NA |
| Khosravani et al.(15) (Iran/USA) | Cross-sectional case-control study | 87 | Cases: 64.2 Controls: 60.7 | Cases: 1.1 Controls: 2.1 | 184 | NA | NA | Cerebrovascular disease: 8 Dementia: 16.8 | NA |
| Marzano et al. (7) (Italy) | Follow up study | 20 | 76 | 1 | 20 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ren et al., 2017 (USA) | Cross sectional | 2.105 | 75.9 (primary) 77.5 (secondary) | 1.6 | 1.5 | NA | CHF: 2.7, AFLI: 2 | NA | OR Vascular dementia: 1.7, PD: 1.8 |
| Tarazona et al. (16) (Brazil) | Cross sectional | 25 | 73.9 | 2.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Brick et al. (17) (USA) | Case-control & matched cohort design | 87 | 77.5 | Cases: 1.4 Controls: 1.3 | 261 | Adjustet for age (±2 years) and sex | NA | Case group: 17 Control group: 11 | OR of dementia: 9.0 (2.4–33.2), PD: 7.2 (0.6- infinity), MS: 3.0 (0.19–48.0) & CVD: 1.8 (0.4–7.5) HR of dementia 1.3 (0.6–2.6), PD: 8.56 (1.6–47.3), CVD: 2.5 (0.9–7.1) |
| Försti et al. (13) (Finland) | Case-control & matched cohort design | 4.524 | NA | Cases: 1.5 Controls: 1.2 | 66.138 | Adjusted for age and sex | NA | Cases: CNS: 41, Psyciatruc: 10.4 Controls: CNS: 16, Psyc: 7 | OR of Alzheimers disease: 2.6 (2.3–3.0), PD: 2.4 (2.0–2.9), MS: 5.87 (3.93–8.53) HR of Alzheimers disease: 1.2 (1.1–1.4), PD: 1.1 (0.8–1.5), MS: 0.7 (0.1–5.0), schizophrenia 1.4 (0.6–3.4) |
| Kibsgaard et al. (5) (Denmark) | Case-control & matched cohort design | 3.281 | 76.5 (SD± 12.6) | Cases: 1.3 Controls: 1.3 | 32.213 | Adjusted for age and sex | Case group: 57.6 Control group: 45.6 | Case group:34.5 Control group: 22.4 | OR of Alzheimers: 2.6 (1.8–3.5), PD: 4.2 (3.1–5.8), MS: 9.7 (6.0–15.6) and hypertension: 2.0 (1.8–2.2) HR of Alzheimers: 0.83 (0.6–1.1), Parkinsonism: 0.7 (0.4–1.2) MS: 9.4 (4.9–18.0) and hypertension: 1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
*
Within the studied BP population.