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. 2018 Sep 4;9:1595. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595

Table 1.

Published studies on protective factors.

References Title Type of paper Sample or participants Identified protective factors
Zink et al., 2006 A lifetime of intimate partner violence Research 38 women ≥55 years (US) Reappraisal, community, friends
Liles et al., 2012 Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among young, middle, and older women of Korean descentin California Research (qualitative) N = 592 Korean women Social support downsized as a protective factor
Gil et al., 2015 Development of a culture sensitive prevalence study on older adults violence: qualitative methods contribution Research (qualitative) 13 interviews with older adults victimized by spouse (n = 7), sons or daughters (n = 6).

4 focus groups (32 subjects). Portugal
Informal and formal social networks
Yan, 2015 Elder abuse and help-seeking behavior in elderly Chinese Research (qualitative) 40 women (Hong Kong) Help-seeking behavior
Guedes et al., 2015 Socioeconomic status, social relations and domestic violence (DV) against elderly people in Canada, Albania, Colombia and Brazil Research Data on socioeconomic status and social relations collected in 2012 from1,995 community-dwelling older adults in Canada, Colombia, Brazil, and Albania Having friends: detected in developed countries, not observed in Latin American and Eastern European participants
Roh et al., 2016 Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms among indigenous older adults: intimate partner violence (IPV) and social support Research N = 233 indigenous older adults (North America) Social support protective of both IPV and depressive symptoms
Teresi et al., 2016 State of the science on prevention of elder abuse and lessons learned from child abuse and domestic violence prevention: toward a conceptual framework for research Review 21 intervention programs on prevention of elder abuse Interventions in the protection from violence since childhood can be interpreted as protective factors of IPV in late life. Generally speaking, self-esteem and coping strategies, supported by knowledge and life skills, can be targeted to develop interventions and change models. Resources include social determinants and sociodemographic variables, for example, financial resources; cultural factors, such as race/ethnicity and acculturation; knowledge and skills; and psychological resources, such as self-esteem and coping.
Souto et al., 2016 Intimate partner violence among older Portuguese immigrant women in Canada Qualitative research (socio-phenomenological approach) 10 women ≥60 years Becoming an immigrant in Canada