Table 1.

Published studies on protective factors.

References	Title	Type of paper	Sample or participants	Identified protective factors
Zink et al., 2006	A lifetime of intimate partner violence	Research	38 women ≥55 years (US)	Reappraisal, community, friends
Liles et al., 2012	Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among young, middle, and older women of Korean descentin California	Research (qualitative)	N = 592 Korean women	Social support downsized as a protective factor
Gil et al., 2015	Development of a culture sensitive prevalence study on older adults violence: qualitative methods contribution	Research (qualitative)	13 interviews with older adults victimized by spouse (n = 7), sons or daughters (n = 6). 4 focus groups (32 subjects). Portugal	Informal and formal social networks
Yan, 2015	Elder abuse and help-seeking behavior in elderly Chinese	Research (qualitative)	40 women (Hong Kong)	Help-seeking behavior
Guedes et al., 2015	Socioeconomic status, social relations and domestic violence (DV) against elderly people in Canada, Albania, Colombia and Brazil	Research	Data on socioeconomic status and social relations collected in 2012 from1,995 community-dwelling older adults in Canada, Colombia, Brazil, and Albania	Having friends: detected in developed countries, not observed in Latin American and Eastern European participants
Roh et al., 2016	Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms among indigenous older adults: intimate partner violence (IPV) and social support	Research	N = 233 indigenous older adults (North America)	Social support protective of both IPV and depressive symptoms
Teresi et al., 2016	State of the science on prevention of elder abuse and lessons learned from child abuse and domestic violence prevention: toward a conceptual framework for research	Review	21 intervention programs on prevention of elder abuse	Interventions in the protection from violence since childhood can be interpreted as protective factors of IPV in late life. Generally speaking, self-esteem and coping strategies, supported by knowledge and life skills, can be targeted to develop interventions and change models. Resources include social determinants and sociodemographic variables, for example, financial resources; cultural factors, such as race/ethnicity and acculturation; knowledge and skills; and psychological resources, such as self-esteem and coping.
Souto et al., 2016	Intimate partner violence among older Portuguese immigrant women in Canada	Qualitative research (socio-phenomenological approach)	10 women ≥60 years	Becoming an immigrant in Canada