Table 1.
Effect of isocaloric diets on insulin resistance and liver and muscle fat content in populations at risk for T2DM.
| References | Diet [E%fat (F); E%carbohydrate (C); E%protein (P)] | Duration | Participants | N | % Females | Age (yrs) | IR measure | Statistical significance | Ectopic fat measure | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (12) | SFA diet: [38F (SFA: 16); ?C; ?P] MUFA diet [38F (MUFA: 20); ?C; ?P] LF+HCC diet (28F; ?C; ?P) LF+HCC+1.24 g/d PUFA (28F; ?C; ?P) |
12 weeks | Obese | 24 26 16 18 |
50 50 50 50 |
56 58 57 58 |
HOMA-IR | N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. |
Skeletal muscle biopsy |
Muscle: N.S. Muscle: N.S. Muscle: N.S. Muscle:−45%, P < 0.05 |
| (109) | MED diet [44F (MUFA: 23F); 34C; 16P] LF + HCC diet [21F (MUFA: 8); 49C; 24P] |
6 weeks | Obese NAFLD | 12 | 50 | 55 | M-value | −1.7, P < 0.01 | MRS | Liver: −39%, P < 0.05 Liver: N.S. |
| (110) | HF + LC diet (55F; 30C; 15P) | 3 weeks | Overweight | 10 | 0 | 56 | M-value | N.S. | MRS | Liver: +17%, P < 0.05 Muscle: N.S. Liver: −13%, P < 0.05 Muscle: N.S. |
| LF + HC diet (20F; 65C; 15P) | ||||||||||
| (111) | HF + LC diet (60F; 10C; 30P) LF+HC diet (30F; 50C; 20P) |
4 weeks | Overweight | 11 11 |
100 100 |
31 32 |
HOMA-IR | N.S. N.S. |
MRS | Muscle: N.S. Muscle: + 49%, P < 0.05 |
| (115) | HP + MUFA [40F (MUFA: 20.5); 30C; 30P] | 5 weeks | Obese | 10 | 100 | ? | HOMA-IR | −0.74, P < 0.01 | MRS | Liver: −49%, P < 0.01 Muscle: N.S. |
| (116) | DG diet (30F; 50C; 20P) DG+n-3 diet (1 g/d PUFA) (30F; 50C; 20P) |
6 months | Obese NAFLD | 16 16 |
56 39 |
51 50 |
HOMA-IR | N.S. - 0.73, P < 0.05 |
Abdominal ultrasound | Liver: N.S. Liver: −25%, P < 0.01 |
| (121) | Low-GI+LF diet, GI < 55 [23F (SFA: 7); 57C; 17P] | 4 weeks | Overweight | 20 | 65 | 69 | Matsuda HOMA-IR | 0.6, P < 0.05 N.S. | MRS | Liver: −2.2%, P < 0.01 |
| High-GI + HF diet, GI > 70 [43F (SFA: 24); 38C; 16P] | 15 | 60 | 69 | Matsuda HOMA-IR | N.S. N.S. |
Liver: N.S. | ||||
| (130) | 60 g/d whey supplementation | 4 weeks | Obese | 11 | 100 | 38 | HOMA-IR | N.S. | MRS | Liver: −21%, P < 0.05 |
| (13) | HP(plant) diet: (30F; 40C; 30P) HP(animal) diet: (30F; 40C; 30P) |
6 weeks | Obese T2DM | 19 18 |
37 33 |
64 65 |
AT-IR | −0.37, P < 0.05 − 3.38, P < 0.05 |
MRS | Liver: −36%, P < 0.001 Liver: −48%, P < 0.001 |
| (14) | MUFA diet [46F (22 MUFA); 40C; 14P] | 15 | 47 | 62 | N.S | Liver: -17%, P < 0.001 | ||||
| High fiber diet (20g fiber/100kcal) (28F | 15 | 53 | 63 | N.S. | Liver: N.S | |||||
| 55C; 17P) | 12 weeks | Obese | DI | MRS | ||||||
| DG diet (34F; 49C; 17P) | 13 | 23 | 60 | N.S | Liver: N.S |
IR, insulin resistance; IS, insulin sensitivity; DI, disposition index; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; AT-IR, adipose tissue IR (fasting plasma glucose *fasting free fatty acids); LF, low fat; HF, high fat; MUFA, mono-unsaturated fatty acid; n-3, omega 3 fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; LC, low carbohydrate; H(C)C, high (complex) carbohydrate; HP, high protein; GI, glycemic index; MED, Mediterranean; DG, dietary guidelines; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; N.S., not significant.