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. 2018 Sep 4;12:199. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00199

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Copyright © 2018 Meneely, Dinkins, Kassai, Lyu, Liu, Lin, Brewer, Li and Clemens.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Model of relationships between WT, Meis1KO, and D3KO animals. WT and Meis1KO share a similar baseline under control conditions, respond similarly to opioids, and have a similar D3R expression in the spinal cord. However, they differ in their responses to D1R modulators. WT and D3KO have different baselines under control conditions and respond differently to opioids, D3R, and D1R modulators. Meis1KO and D3KO have different baselines under control conditions, but respond similarly to D1R modulators, and have similar D1R expression levels in the spinal cord.