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. 2018 Sep 4;12:615. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00615

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Copyright © 2018 Zhang, Xu, Xiao, Li, Kang, Zhang, Wang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The evaluation of learning and memory ability in MWM test. The results of MWM test are shown: (A) escape latency, (B) swimming distance, (C) the percent of time spent in target quadrant, and (D) swimming speed. The group treated with the highest dose of deltamethrin (9 mg/kg) demonstrated significant learning and memory impairment compared with the control group, while the other deltamethrin treated groups (2.7, 1.35, and 0.54 mg/kg) did not. And the co-administrated of deltamethrin and memantine group ameliorated the cognitive impairment observed in the 9 mg/kg treated group. No significant differences in swimming speed were found between these groups. ^∗P < 0.05 compared to the control group. ^∗∗P < 0.01 compared to the control group. ^##P < 0.01 compared to the 9 mg/kg DM group. ^#P < 0.05 compared to the 9 mg/kg DM group. n = 12 in each group. DM: deltamethrin, MEM: memantine.