Table 1.
H1-MRS findings in reading and reading disability.
| Paper | Participants | NM | SVS | Primary findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pugh et al., 2014 | Children across a spectrum of reading ability at visit 1 (n = 75, mean age 7.68 years). | Cho Cr NAA GABA Glu |
Midline occipital cortex (includes: lingual gyrus, calcarine sulcus and cuneus) | Increased Cho:Cr and Glu:Cr were associated with decreased reading ability. |
| Children across a spectrum of reading ability at follow up§ (n = 45, mean age 10.1 years). | Increased Glu:Cr was associated with decreased reading ability. | |||
| RD vs. TD Children at Visit 1 (n = 47, 10 RD). | RD children had increased Cho:Cr and Glu:Cr. | |||
| Pediatric Readers* across a spectrum of reading ability. (n = 85, 5–18 years). | Cho Cr NAA |
Midline occipital region | Increased Cho:Cre was associated with decreased reading ability. | |
| Nakai and Okanoya, 2016 | Adults (n = 28, 18–22 years). | GABA Cr |
L. IFGR. IFG | Negative correlation between verbal category fluency** and GABA:Cr in the L. IFG. |
| Bruno et al., 2013 | Adults across a spectrum of reading ability (n = 31, 18–30 years, 10 RD). | Cho Cr NAA |
L. Angular Gyrus | Increased Cho:Cr was associated with increased phonological ability. |
| Lebel et al., 2016 | Children (n = 56, 3.0–4.7 years). | Glutamate Glutamine Cr Cho Inositol NAA |
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus | Increased Glu, Cr, and Inositol were associated with increased phonological processing (NEPSY-II). |
| Children (n = 45, 3.2–5.4 years) | L. Angular Gyrus | Increased Cho and Glutamine were associated with decreased speeding naming (NEPSY-II). | ||
| Rae et al., 1998 | RD vs. TD adults (n = 29, 21–40 years, 14 RD). | Cho Cr NAA |
L. Temporoparietal Lobe R. Temporoparietal Lobe L. CerebellumR. Cerebellum | Decreased Cho:NAA in RD in the L. temporoparietal lobe.Decreased Cho:NAA and Cr:NAA in RD in the R. cerebellum. |
| Laycock et al., 2008 | RD vs. TD adults (n = 12, mean age 21.1 years, 6 RD). | Cho Cr NAA |
R. CerebellumL. Cerebellum | RD had lower NAA:Cho in the R. cerebellum and higher Cho:Cr in the L. cerebellum. |
| Richards et al., 1999 | RD vs. TD children (n = 13, 6 RD). | Lactate NAA |
Sylvian fissure | Increased Lactate:NAA in RD in the sylvian fissure. However, this relationship was found only during a rhyming task, not during the lexical decision task or at rest. |
NM, Neurometabolite; SVS, small voxel spectroscopy; RD, Reading Disability; TD, Typically Developing; Cho, Choline; Cr, Creatine; NAA, N-Acetylaspartate; GABA, gamma-Aminobutyric acid; Glu, Glutamate; L, left; R, Right.
*
Pediatric readers from the NIH MRI Study of Normal Brain Development (http://pediatricmri.nih.gov, release 5).
§
Follow up assessments took place twenty-4 months post-initial assessment.
**
Category Fluency Task: Native Japanese Speakers had 1 min to write down as many Japanese nouns as possible belonging to each category: animal, fruit, and vehicle.