FIGURE 5.

Effect of HEA on UUO-induced TGF-β1/Smad and NF-κB signaling pathways. (A) Phospho-Smad2/Smad2, phospho-Smad3/Smad3, and Smad7 expression in kidney tissue from sham- and UUO-operated mice treated with vehicle (Veh) or HEA were evaluated by western blotting. (B–D) Data from densitometric analysis of phospho-Smad2, phospho-Smad3, and Smad7 are presented as the relative ratio of each protein to Smad2, Smad3, and GAPDH. The relative ratio measured in the kidneys from sham-operated mice treated with Veh is arbitrarily presented as 1. (E) Representative western blot for p-NF-κB, NF-κB, p-IκBα, IκBα, and GAPDH. (F,G) The ratio of p-NF-κB normalized to NF-κB protein levels, and the ratio of p-IκBα normalized with IκBα. The data are presented as the means ± SEM. ^∗P < 0.05 and ^∗∗P < 0.01.