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. 2018 Sep 4;9:913. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00913

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Copyright © 2018 Sanger and Andrews.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Summary of the pathways responsible for the induction of nausea and vomiting (blue arrows), the integrative regions in the brain stem (blue box indicates dorsal brain stem and nucleus tractus solitarius in particular) and the output pathways for nausea (green) and the motor outputs for vomiting (red box indicates the pathways in the ventral brain stem). See text for details of pathways. CB₁, cannabinoid₁ receptor; D₂, dopamine₂ receptor; H₁, histamine₁ receptor; M_3/5, muscarinic_3/5 acetylcholine receptor; 5-HT₃-5-hydroxytryptamine₃ receptor; 5-HT₄-5-hydroxytryptamine₄ receptor; NK₁, tachykinin neurokinin ₁ receptor. Adapted and modified from Stern et al. (2011).