Table 2.

Tests of phylogenetic signal and evolutionary rates for mass at hatching of amphibian embryos when raised in three inducing environments. The analyses tested A) traits and B) trait plasticity of the embryos. To better understand how phylogenetic signal was affected by the numerators and denominators in the plasticity estimates, we also assessed phylogenetic signal in the C) grand mean and pooled standard deviations. Phylogenetic signal was tested using Blomberg’s K and its associated P value (bold font indicates significant tests; p < 0.05). Three models of continuous character evolution were used to determine which model produced the best fit to the data (based on AICc scores): Brownian Motion (BM), Ornstein Uhlenbeck (OU), and Early Burst (EB). Models with the lowest AICc values are shown in bold font.

A. Trait	Blomberg’s K	P-value	BM AICc	OU AICc	EB AICc
Control	0.737	0.003	94.6	96.6	97.4
Crushed-egg cues	0.730	0.004	92.6	94.5	95.4
Crayfish cues	0.733	0.003	96.2	98.0	99.0
B. Trait plasticity
(Control - Crushed)	0.473	0.028	72.5	71.8	75.4
(Control – Crayfish)	0.485	0.037	93.2	93.3	96.1
(Control - Crushed) ÷ Grand mean	0.160	0.566	44.7	28.2	47.6
(Control - Crayfish) ÷ Grand mean	0.179	0.428	77.3	63.5	80.1
(Control - Crushed) ÷ Pooled SD1	0.221	0.288	65.9	55.4	68.8
(Control - Crayfish) ÷ Pooled SD2	0.228	0.251	62.3	53.1	65.2
C. Grand mean & pooled SD
Grand mean	0.735	0.003	94.4	96.3	97.2
Pooled SD1	0.605	0.008	131.1	132.3	134.0
Pooled SD2	0.501	0.058	150.4	150.6	153.3