Table 4.

Tests of phylogenetic signal and evolutionary rates for growth rate of amphibian embryos when raised in three inducing environments. The analyses tested A) traits and B) trait plasticity of the embryos. To better understand how phylogenetic signal was affected by the numerators and denominators in the plasticity estimates, we also assessed phylogenetic signal in the C) grand mean and pooled standard deviations. Phylogenetic signal was tested using Blomberg’s K and its associated P value (bold font indicates significant tests; p < 0.05). Three models of continuous character evolution were used to determine which model produced the best fit to the data (based on AICc scores): Brownian Motion (BM), Ornstein Uhlenbeck (OU), and Early Burst (EB). Models with the lowest AICc values are shown in bold font.

A. Trait	Blomberg’s K	P-value	BM AICc	OU AICc	EB AICc
Control	0.5948	0.0069	94.2	93.9	97.0
Crushed-egg cues	0.6049	0.0069	91.4	91.1	94.3
Crayfish cues	0.5863	0.0079	94.3	93.6	97.1
B. Trait plasticity
(Control - Crushed)	0.6188	0.0061	46.9	49.2	49.7
(Control – Crayfish)	0.4755	0.0306	60.8	61.3	63.6
(Control - Crushed) ÷ Grand mean	0.2175	0.3597	33.0	22.0	35.8
(Control - Crayfish) ÷ Grand mean	0.2106	0.3055	60.5	49.5	63.4
(Control - Crushed) ÷ Pooled SD1	0.2355	0.2500	59.7	50.7	62.5
(Control - Crayfish) ÷ Pooled SD2	0.3230	0.0643	52.7	48.6	55.5
C. Grand mean & pooled SD
Grand mean	0.5961	0.0075	93.2	92.8	96.0
Pooled SD1	0.5325	0.0304	133.7	134.0	136.6
Pooled SD2	0.4715	0.0506	129.8	129.0	132.6