Table 1.

Studies of dietary patterns and breast cancer

Author, year	Study population, n	Design	Dietary patterns	Dietary assessment/outcome	Major significant results	Adjustments
Baglietto et al. [20], (Australia)	Pre and post n=20,674 (31–76 y)	PCS	1) Vegetable; 2) Fruit and salad; 3) Traditional Australian; 4) Meat	121-item FFQ/BC	Fruit and Salad Pattern: HRQ5vs.Q1 : 0.55 (0.32–0.93) [ER-] HRQ5vsQ1: 0.67 (0.46–0.98) [PR-]	Country of birth, age at menarche, parity, duration of lactation, OC, HRT, menopausal status at baseline, PA, EtOH, smoking, level of education, energy, BMI
Bessaoud et al. [12] (France)	Pre and post Cases: n=437 Controls: n=922 (25–85 y)	CC	PCA: 1) Western; 2) Meat/ alcohol; 3) Mediterranean VC: 1) Western; 2) Raw vegetables and olive oil; 3) Fish	162-item FFQ/BC	PCA: Meat/alcohol pattern: OR: 1.2 (1.04–1.38) per one | S.E VC: Raw vegetables and olive oil pattern: OR: 1.22 (1.06–1.39) per one fS.E.	Energy, education, parity, BF age at FFTP, duration of ovulatory activity, BMI, PA, first degree of family hx of BC, other specific patterns (for only VC pattern)
Buck et al. [21] (Germany)	Post; Cases: n=3,464; Controls: n=6,657; (50–74 y)	CC	1) Healthy 2) Unhealthy	176-item FFQ/BC BC	Unhealthy Pattern: ORq2vs.Q5: 1.05 (0.78–1.42) vs. 0.69 (0.49–0.98) for ER/PR - tumors	Birth yr, study ctr, menopausal induction, BMI, occupation, first degree family BC hx, benign breast disease hx, # of preg., age at menarche, BF hx, total # of mammograms, smoking, energy
Cade et al. [13] (England)	Pre and post n=33,731 (35–69 y)	PCS	Mediterranean and WHO HDI	217-item FFQ/BC BC	Premenopausal women (NS trend): Maximal adherence to the Med Diet: HR=0.65 (0.42–1.02, pfrend=0.09)	Age, energy, menopause, kcal-adj fat, BMI, PA, OC, HRT, smoking, parity, age at menarche, EtOH, total days BF, SES, education
Demetriou [11] (Greece)	Post; Cases: n=937; Controls: n=817 (40–70 y)	CC	Mediterranean Diet	32-item FFQ/BC	MDS Scores: Null PCA: Vegetable, Fish, Fruit, and Legume Pattern OR q4vs.qi: 0.67 (0.49–92) vs. REF	Age at interview, family hx, age at FFTP, hrt, PA, age at menarche, height, BMI & PCA derived patterns 1, 2, & 3 in postmenopausal women
Jordan [23] (Tanzania)	Pre and post Cases: n=115 Controls: n=230 (26–85 y)	CC	PCA 1: 1) Diet ofthe Rich; 2) Mchicha; 3) Banana; 4) Fatty PCA 2: 1) Diet ofthe Rich; 2) Fruity; 3) Mchicha; 4) Banana; 5) Starchy; 6) Fatty	65-item FFQ/BC	PCA 1: *Banana: ORQ4VsQ1: 1.94(1.43–2.63) **Fatty: ORQ4VsQ1: 3.04 (1.34–6.91) PCA 2: **Fruity: OR ORQ4VsQ1: 1.61 (1.14–2.28) **Fatty: ORQ4VsQ1:1.42 (1.08–1.87)	*Age **Age, place of living, age at menarche, menopausal status, Mbege (home-made beer), beer & wine ***Age, place of living, SES, age at menarche, age at FTTP, BMI (current & at age 20), lifelong lactation -The Banana Diet was significant after controlling for other covariates above.
Zhang et al. [22] (China)	Pre and post Cases: n=438 Controls: n=438 (25–70 y)	CC	1) Vegetable-fruit-milk-poultry- fish; 2) Refined grain-meat- pickle	81-item FFQ/BC	Vegetable-fruit-milk-poultry-fish: ORQ4vsQ4=0.26 (0.17–0.42) Refined grain-meat-pickle: ORQ4vsQ4=2.58 (1.53–4.34)	Age at menarche, live births & age at first live birth, months BF, BMI, hx of benign breast disease, first-degree relative with BC, PA, passive smoking, energy

BC, breast cancer; MDS, Mediterranean diet score; PCA, principal component analysis; OR, odds ratio; HR, hazard ratio; OC, oral contraceptives; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; EtOH, alcohol; PA, physical activity; BF, breastfeeding; SES, socioeconomic status; FFTP, first full-term birth; BMI; body mass index; Hx, history; VC, variable clustering; WHO HDI, World Health Organization Healthy Diet Index; FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; SE, standard error; NS, no significance; ER/PR, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor