Fig. 1.

Bioengineering liver organoids using ICC scaffold and iPSC-derived hepatic progenitor (IH). (A) Schematic illustration of ICC fabrication using a range of sacrificial monodispersed beads and ECM proteins for stem cell niche modulation. (B) Schematic of human iPSC-derived hepatic progenitors differentiation protocol. (C) Schematic of bioengineering liver organoids using IH and ICC in three main steps, cell seeding, cell attachment (Phase I) and organoid formation (Phase II). Confocal micrographs of human fetal liver cells (Fetal; CTNNB green; CK19 red) demonstrating the two-phase organoid formation in Col-I coated ICC with 140 μm pore size. Arrowheads indicate cells lining surface of ICC; asterisks represent cells forming clusters. Scale bar, 100 μm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)