Table 5.
Audit with feedback (Intervention wards) | Academic detailing (Intervention wards | Pulmonary medicine (Intervention wards) | Infectious diseases (Intervention wards) | Gastroenterology (Intervention ward) | Control (all specialties) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | p-value | Estimate | SE | p-value | Estimate | SE | p-value | Estimate | SE | p-value | Estimate | SE | p-value | Estimate | SE | p-value | ||
DDD per 100 bed days | Const | 70.288 | 5.854 | 0.000 | 103.078 | 8.415 | 0.000 | 84.736 | 5.056 | 0.000 | 60.371 | 7.407 | 0.000 | 27.605 | 1.592 | 0.000 | 87.691 | 5.387 | 0.000 |
AR | −0.495 | 0.326 | 0.172 | −0.247 | 0.370 | 0.525 | −0.429 | 0.348 | 0.257 | −0.239 | 0.372 | 0.542 | −0.796 | 0.203 | 0.006 | −0.512 | 0.323 | 0.157 | |
Pre-slope | 4.332 | 1.523 | 0.025 | −2.903 | 2.181 | 0.225 | −2.292 | 1.312 | 0.124 | 3.985 | 1.926 | 0.077 | −0.075 | 0.411 | 0.861 | 1.002 | 1.404 | 0.498 | |
Difference between pre- and post-slope | −6.789 | 2.028 | 0.012 | 2.920 | 2.985 | 0.360 | −0.669 | 1.770 | 0.717 | −5.753 | 2.615 | 0.064 | 2.472 | 0.545 | 0.003 | −1.033 | 1.863 | 0.597 | |
Level effect | |||||||||||||||||||
3 months | −8.971 | 7.809 | 0.288 | −3.162 | 11.053 | 0.783 | 8.314 | 6.686 | 0.254 | −10.360 | 9.839 | 0.327 | −11.157 | 2.082 | 0.001 | 1.407 | 7.191 | 0.850 | |
6 months | −15.761 | 8.313 | 0.100 | −0.242 | 11.823 | 0.984 | 7.646 | 7.131 | 0.319 | −16.112 | 10.503 | 0.169 | −8.685 | 2.220 | 0.006 | 0.374 | 7.672 | 0.962 | |
12 months | −29.338 | 10.490 | 0.027 | 5.599 | 15.115 | 0.722 | 6.308 | 9.052 | 0.508 | −27.617 | 13.357 | 0.077 | −3.740 | 2.811 | 0.225 | −1.691 | 9.694 | 0.866 | |
18 months | −42.916 | 13.561 | 0.016 | 11.439 | 19.708 | 0.580 | 4.971 | 11.751 | 0.685 | −39.122 | 17.355 | 0.059 | 1.205 | 3.640 | 0.750 | −3.757 | 12.525 | 0.773 |
Broad-spectrum antibiotics were defined as penicillins with enzyme inhibitor, 2. and 3. generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and quionolones