Fig. 4.

Effects of different cultivations modes on functional bacteria. Note: a–i Log₁₀ represent DNA gene copies of total bacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., A. hydrophila, Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus spp. in the mucosa and water, respectively. Log₁₀ DNA gene copies quantification data were normalized to the standard curve lines and presented with the means ± standard deviation (n = 40). Summer/t and Summer/c represent the paddy and pond samples in summer, respectively; Autumn/t and Autumn/c represent the paddy and pond samples in autumn, respectively. In the summer samples, * indicate P < 0.05, ** indicate P < 0.01; in the autumn samples, # indicate P < 0.05, ## indicate P < 0.01