Table 2.
TAND Features in Children vs Adults
| TAND Features | Children (≤ 18 Years) With Manifestation, (n = 1410) n (%) |
Adults (> 18 Years) With Manifestation, (n = 806) n (%) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavioural levela | |||
| Overactivity | 290 (54.8) | 47 (21.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Sleep difficulties | 225 (43.4) | 106 (45.1) | 0.6531 |
| Impulsivity | 244 (46.7) | 73 (33.2) | 0.0006 |
| Anxiety | 130 (25.8) | 110 (50.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Mood swings | 128 (25.2) | 86 (40.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Severe aggression | 121 (22.9) | 62 (27.4) | 0.1850 |
| Depressed mood | 41 (8.2) | 98 (43.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Self-injury | 73 (13.9) | 44 (19.2) | 0.0625 |
| Obsessions | 59 (11.8) | 41 (19.2) | 0.0085 |
| Psychosis | 15 (3.0) | 25 (11.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Hallucinations | 3 (0.6) | 23 (10.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Psychiatric levela | |||
| ASD | 246 (23.1) | 68 (16.1) | 0.0029 |
| ADHD | 227 (22.4) | 41 (10.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Anxiety disorder | 68 (7) | 65 (16.8) | < 0.0001 |
| Depressive disorder | 21 (2.1) | 63 (16.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Intellectual levelb | |||
| Normal IQ | 283 (43.5) | 110 (47.0) | |
| Mild ID | 202 (31) | 47 (20.1) | |
| Moderate ID | 101 (15.5) | 33 (14.1) | 0.0005e |
| Severe ID | 51 (7.8) | 31 (13.2) | |
| Profound ID | 14 (2.2) | 13 (5.6) | |
| Academic level | |||
| Individuals ever had difficulties in academic performancea | 506 (60.5) | 229 (54.8) | 0.0517 |
| Individuals assessed for academic difficultiesc | 273 (54.0)c | 86 (37.6)c | 0.0785 |
| Neuropsychological level | |||
| Individuals ever had any neuropsychological skill assesseda | 414 (42.5) | 150 (39.4) | 0.2926 |
| Individuals with performance <5th percentiled | 235 (56.8)d | 79 (52.7)d | 0.5333 |
ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ID intellectual disability, IQ intelligence quotient, TAND TSC-associated neuropsychiatric disorders
aPercentages calculated considering only available data and excluding missing data unless otherwise specified
bPercentages calculated based on the number of individuals with IQ assessment available in each age group: ≤ 18 years, n = 585; > 18, n = 234)
cPercentages calculated based on the number of individuals with reported academic difficulties as denominator
dPercentages calculated based on the number of individuals who had neuropsychological skill assessed as denominator
eChi-square test showing association between children and adults across all levels of IQ