Table 2.

The H. pylori virulence factors associated with gastric adenocarcinoma

Region	Virulence factor (High risk marker)	Odds ratio	Analytic method	Reference
East Asia	CagL Y58E59 (vs. non-Y58E59)	4.6	DNA sequencing	[25]
	Bab AB BA recombination (vs. others)	6.2	PCR	[44]
Middle Asia	vacA i1 (vs. i2)	10.9	PCR	[34]
Middle East	vacA s1 (vs. s2)	4.0	PCR	[36]
	vacA m1 (vs. m2)	2.5	PCR	[36]
	vacA s1/m1 (vs. s2/m2)	5.3	PCR	[36]
	vacA i1 (vs. i2)	15.0	PCR	[36]
Asia	EPIYA-D motif of CagA (vs. EPIYA-C)	1.9	DNA sequencing	[30]
Western countries	Positive serum anti-CagA Ab	2.0	Serum ELISA	[19]
	cagA+ (vs. cagA-)	2.4	PCR or Immunoblot	[20]
	≥ 2 copies of EPIYA-C motifs of CagA (vs. 1 copy)	3.3	DNA sequencing	[30]
	Western EPIYA-B motif of CagA (vs. EPIYT-B)	3.0	DNA sequencing	[29]
	vacA s1 (vs. s2)	5.3	PCR	[20]
	vacA m1 (vs. m2)	2.5	PCR	[20]
	vacA s1/m1 (vs. s2/m2)	4.4	PCR	[20]
	BabA-L (vs. BabA-negative)	33.9	Immunoblot	[46]
	BabA-H (vs. BabA-negative)	18.2	Immunoblot	[46]
	oipA “on” (vs. oipA “off”)	2.4	DNA sequencing or immunoblot	[74]

PCR Polymerase chain reaction