Table 3.
Analysis of various biomarkers and clinical parameters in surgical ICU regarding sepsis, septic AKI, and in-hospital mortality
| Variables | Sepsis | Septic AKI | In-hospital mortality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yesa | Noa | P value | Yesa | Noa | P value | Yesa | Noa | P value | |
| Serum | |||||||||
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 428.1 ± 29.1 | 204.7 ± 34.2 | < 0.001 | 447.5 ± 35.7 | 256.5 ± 31.8 | 0.001 | 428.2 ± 32.3 | 300.4 ± 44.3 | 0.029 |
| Calprotectin (pg/mL) | 809.7 ± 251.2 | 353.3 ± 315.6 | 0.302 | 1030.3 ± 298.6 | 248.1 ± 210.7 | 0.049 | 1013.8 ± 354.8 | 373.9 ± 193.1 | 0.113 |
| KIM-1 (pg/mL) | 694.9 ± 398.8 | 142.9 ± 289.1 | 0.392 | 1150.5 ± 448.5 | 275.5 ± 135.1 | 0.081 | 838.1 ± 500.2 | 256.8 ± 329.9 | 0.329 |
| Cystatin C (ng/ml) | 1223.1 ± 186.8 | 640.5 ± 120.9 | 0.016 | 1290.4 ± 222.3 | 756.3 ± 138.9 | 0.062 | 1312.8 ± 260.4 | 813.3 ± 124.4 | 0.076 |
| GDF-15 (ng/mL) | 8.8 ± 2.7 | 9.5 ± 2.8 | 0.330 | 6.7 ± 2.7 | 10.8 ± 2.7 | 0.121 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 11.5 ± 3.1 | 0.322 |
| Urine | |||||||||
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 393.2 ± 33.4 | 167.0 ± 41.9 | < 0.001 | 434.2 ± 31.5 | 208.3 ± 39.5 | < 0.001 | 422.3 ± 33.7 | 230.8 ± 42.2 | 0.001 |
| Calprotectin (pg/mL) | 933.4 ± 346.6 | 690.3 ± 367.5 | 0.462 | 825.1 ± 415.2 | 878.1 ± 328.8 | 0.102 | 646.2 ± 340.3 | 1024.2 ± 384.8 | 0.190 |
| KIM-1 (pg/mL) | 7149.0 ± 1491.0 | 9649.2 ± 2975.0 | 0.510 | 7377.5 ± 1970.0 | 8551.7 ± 2014.0 | 0.488 | 8765.3 ± 1949.0 | 7329.9 ± 2006.0 | 0.616 |
| Cystatin C (ng/mL) | 315.4 ± 89.9 | 79.5 ± 11.1 | 0.046 | 386.1 ± 121.5 | 100.4 ± 14.8 | 0.035 | 324.5 ± 115.6 | 154.7 ± 53.4 | 0.628 |
| GDF-15 (ng/mL) | 25.1 ± 3.2 | 34.0 ± 3.6 | 0.095 | 26.2 ± 3.6 | 29.8 ± 3.7 | 0.487 | 29.4 ± 3.8 | 26.9 ± 3.5 | 0.642 |
| SOFA score | 9.5 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 0.001 | 11.5 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 10.6 ± 1.4 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 0.003 |
| APACHE II score | 20.0 ± 1.8 | 12.1 ± 0.9 | 0.001 | 22.0 ± 2.3 | 13.0 ± 0.8 | 0.001 | 22.0 ± 2.4 | 13.5 ± 0.9 | 0.004 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 0.025 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 0.007 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 0.003 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.004 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.027 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL)b | 28.8 ± 10.9 | 0.2 | 0.095 | 35.9 ± 14.2 | 6.2 ± 3.1 | 0.205 | 29.6 ± 13.2 | 25.1 ± 17.3 | 0.512 |
| Lactate (mg/dL)b | 40.4 ± 9.2 | N.A. | N.A. | 47.7 ± 11.9 | 19.8 ± 3.8 | 0.190 | 49.9 ± 15.4 | 27.3 ± 3.6 | 0.180 |
| CRP (mg/L)b | 142.1 ± 20.4 | 40.9 ± 12.9 | < 0.001 | 163.9 ± 24.7 | 64.4 ± 15.8 | 0.008 | 132.6 ± 24.2 | 113.3 ± 28.8 | 0.610 |
| Age (year) | 63.1 ± 3.4 | 72.8 ± 2.8 | 0.072 | 64.1 ± 3.9 | 68.5 ± 3.4 | 0.397 | 63.9 ± 4.2 | 68.3 ± 3.2 | 0.400 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 0.7 | 24.7 ± 1.1 | 0.228 | 23.0 ± 0.9 | 24.2 ± 0.8 | 0.350 | 22.3 ± 0.9 | 24.6 ± 0.8 | 0.066 |
AKI acute kidney injury, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, GDF-15 growth differentiation factor 15, KIM-1 kidney injury molecule-1, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, BMI body mass index, N.A. not applicable
aExpressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM)
bNot routinely checked in patients without sepsis