Table 2.
Bivariate associations between the explanatory factors and mortality for men and women
| Men | Women | Testing for a gender difference in the bivariate associations (p value)c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRa | (95% CI)b | HRa | (95% CI)b | ||
| Material factors | |||||
| Financial difficulties | |||||
| No | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Some | 1.16 | (1.02, 1.32) | 1.28 | (1.13, 1.46) | 0.278 |
| Big | 1.41 | (1.06, 1.87) | 1.45 | (1.13, 1.88) | 0.977 |
| Housing tenure | |||||
| Owned home | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Rented home | 1.28 | (1.15, 1.43) | 1.29 | (1.16, 1.44) | 0.711 |
| Health insurance | |||||
| Private | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Public | 1.34 | (1.18, 1.51) | 1.25 | (1.11, 1.40) | 0.358 |
| Employment-related factors | |||||
| Employment | |||||
| Employed | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Unemployed | 1.84 | (1.58, 2.14) | 1.26 | (0.97, 1.64) | 0.012 |
| Retired | 1.10 | (0.95, 1.26) | 0.90 | (0.71, 1.12) | 0.313 |
| Other | 0.92 | (0.47, 1.81) | 0.86 | (0.71, 1.05) | 0.979 |
| Occupation of the breadwinner | |||||
| Professional | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| White collar | 1.07 | (0.91, 1.25) | 1.17 | (0.99, 1.38) | 0.384 |
| Blue collar | 1.03 | (0.89, 1.19) | 1.31 | (1.13, 1.52) | 0.026 |
| Not in the workforce | 1.27 | (0.87, 1.85) | 1.22 | (1.04, 1.44) | 0.936 |
| Behavioural factors | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| No | 1.20 | (1.04, 1.38) | 1.14 | (1.01, 1.28) | 0.617 |
| Light | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Moderate | 1.12 | (0.94, 1.32) | 1.11 | (0.93, 1.32) | 0.967 |
| Heavy | 1.71 | (1.48, 1.98) | 1.60 | (1.30, 1.96) | 0.527 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||||
| Underweight | 1.58 | (1.20, 2.07) | 1.57 | (1.26, 1.96) | 0.943 |
| Normal weight | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Overweight | 1.04 | (0.94, 1.16) | 1.04 | (0.92, 1.18) | 0.948 |
| Obesity | 1.36 | (1.07, 1.74) | 1.32 | (1.11, 1.58) | 0.792 |
| Smoking | |||||
| Current | 2.49 | (2.05, 3.02) | 2.06 | (1.83, 2.33) | 0.053 |
| Former | 1.33 | (1.09, 1.62) | 0.96 | (0.84, 1.09) | 0.008 |
| Never | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Leisure activity | |||||
| Inactive | 1.43 | (1.21, 1.69) | 1.50 | (1.29, 1.75) | 0.607 |
| Little | 1.28 | (1.10, 1.50) | 1.15 | (0.99, 1.33) | 0.410 |
| Moderate | 1.04 | (0.92, 1.17) | 1.03 | (0.90, 1.17) | 0.930 |
| Active | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Sports activity | |||||
| Inactive | 1.26 | (1.09, 1.46) | 1.41 | (1.18, 1.69) | 0.317 |
| Little | 1.12 | (0.89, 1.43) | 1.15 | (0.90, 1.47) | 0.856 |
| Moderate | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.18) | 1.09 | (0.88, 1.35) | 0.377 |
| Active | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Family-related factors | |||||
| Marital status | |||||
| Currently married | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Previously married | 1.55 | (1.33, 1.79) | 1.18 | (1.05, 1.33) | 0.008 |
| Never married | 1.55 | (1.27, 1.90) | 1.31 | (1.09, 1.58) | 0.300 |
| Living arrangement | |||||
| Living with partner | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| Living alone | 1.55 | (1.35, 1.77) | 1.21 | (1.08, 1.35) | 0.008 |
| Number of children | |||||
| 0 | 1.10 | (0.94, 1.28) | 1.23 | (1.04, 1.44) | 0.288 |
| 1 | 1.01 | (0.85, 1.19) | 1.20 | (1.01, 1.43) | 0.128 |
| 2 | 1 | Ref. | 1 | Ref. | |
| 3 or more | 0.97 | (0.86, 1.09) | 0.92 | (0.81, 1.04) | 0.663 |
Notes. aHR Hazard ratios. bCI Confidence interval. Mortality hazard ratios of the explanatory variable when controlling for education only. As the Cox regression models included age as timescale, it was unnecessary to also include age as a covariate in the models. cA possible differential association of these explanatory factors with mortality for men and women was determined by adding an interaction term between the explanatory factor and gender and testing its statistical significance (p value)