Table 5.
HR for pneumonia in COPD patients only, including FEV1 and comorbidities in a multivariate model
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|
| Agea | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.06 |
| Maleb | 1.13 (1.03–1.25) | 0.01 |
| No ICS | 1 | |
| Low ICSc | 1.23 (1.10–1.38) | 0.0003 |
| High ICSd | 1.41 (1.23–1.62) | < 0.0001 |
| FEV1 < 50% | 1.33 (1.21–1.47) | |
| FEV1 ≥ 50% | 1 | |
| No asthma | 1 | |
| Asthma | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) | 0.0310 |
| Charlson Comorbidity indexe | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.4621 |
aIncreased risk for every 1 year increase in age; bIncreased risk for males compared to females; cLow dose ICS: < 640 μg/day; dHigh dose ICS: ≥800 μg/day; eFor each one unit increase in Charlson Comorbidity index
CI confidence intervals, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, HR hazard ratio, ICS inhaled corticosteroids