Table 1.

A summary of responsible research and innovation (RRI) according to the literature

What RRI is	- A process [10, 14–17] - An approach [13, 67] - An endeavour [68] - A meta-responsibility [69] - An ideal and a project [19]
Who should be involved	- Societal actors and innovators [14, 15, 70] - Scientists, innovators, business partners, research funders and policy-makers [68] - All stakeholders involved in research and innovation (R&I) practice [17, 67] - Funders, researchers, stakeholders and the public [71] - Large community of people [19] - All parties [12]
When	- Early stage of R&I processes [12, 13] - Any stage of R&I processes [67] - R&I processes as a whole [70] - Throughout the entire innovation’s lifecycle [10]
To do what	- Anticipate risks and benefits, reflect on prevailing conceptions, values and beliefs, engage stakeholders and members of the wider public, and respond to stakeholders, public values and changing circumstances [18] - Describe and analyse potential impacts; reflect on underlying purposes, motivations, what is known and not known, uncertainties, risks, assumptions, questions and dilemmas; open these reflections to broad collective deliberations and use this collective process of reflexivity to set the direction and influence subsequent trajectory and pace of innovation [9] - Shape, maintain, develop, coordinate, and align existing and novel R&I-related processes, actors and responsibilities [69] - Monitor social, economic and environmental performance impacts and anticipate corrective actions [10] - Integrate measures throughout the innovation process [10] - Assess the qualities of the innovation process [72] - Anticipate and discern how R&I can or may benefit society [12] - Anticipate and assess potential implications and societal expectations with regard to R&I [13]
In what ways	- Working together [70] - Becoming mutually responsive to each other [14, 15, 17] - Open, inclusive and in a timely fashion [71]
To what ends	- Allow a proper embedding of scientific and technological advances in society [14, 15] - Better align processes and outcomes with the values, needs and expectations of European society [70] - Take care of the future [18] - Ensure desirable and acceptable research outcomes [69] - Solve a set of moral problems [16] - Create a society in which R&I practices strive towards sustainability, ethically acceptable and socially desirable outcomes [17] - Protect the environment and consider impacts on social and economic dimensions [10] - Take potential impacts on environment and society into account [13] - Promote creativity and opportunities for science and innovation that are socially desirable and undertaken in the public interest [71]