Table 2.
Energy and Nutrient Intake in Intervention and Control Group, at Baseline, 1 Week, 3 and 6 Months Postoperatively, as Well as Intervention Effect at Different Time Points
| Baseline | 1 week | 3 months | 6 months | Intervention effect† | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 week | 3 months | 6 months | ||||||||||||||
| Mean | (SEM) | Mean | (SEM) | Mean | (SEM) | Mean | (SEM) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | Estimate (95% CI) | ||||||
| Energy (kcal) | I | 1268 | (66.6) | 1703 | (59.5) | 1699 | (58.0) | 1763 | (65.5) | M1‡ | 249 | (115–384)*** | 117 | (−40–275) | 48 | (−129–226) |
| C | 1304 | (65.1) | 1488 | (50.3) | 1602 | (60.7) | 1762 | (72.0) | M2$ | 261 | (117–404)*** | 90 | (−76–257) | 54 | (−130–239) | |
| Protein (g) | I | 54.2 | (2.8) | 81.2 | (3.1) | 66.0 | (2.5) | 70.1 | (3.0) | M1 | 22.6 | (15.9–29.3)*** | 3.8 | (−2.9–10.4) | 2.2 | (−6.2–10.6) |
| C | 53.0 | (2.9) | 60.2 | (2.2) | 62.4 | (2.3) | 68.9 | (3.2) | M2 | 23.8 | (15.7–29.8)*** | 2.6 | (−4.4–9.6) | 0.7 | (−8.1–9.6) | |
| Fat (g) | I | 45.6 | (2.9) | 60.7 | (2.5) | 70.1 | (3.3) | 70.9 | (3.4) | M1 | 6.0 | (−0.6–12.6) | 11.3 | (3.0–19.5)** | 4.0 | (−5.5–13.5) |
| C | 48.4 | (3.0) | 55.8 | (2.4) | 60.3 | (2.9) | 69.1 | (3.5) | M2 | 7.3 | (0.3–14.3)* | 11.3 | (2.6–19.9)* | 4.6 | (−5.3–14.5) | |
| Carbohydrate (g) | I | 160 | (8.8) | 207 | (8.0) | 195 | (7.4) | 200 | (8.3) | M1 | 26.9 | (8.2–45.6)** | 2.1 | (−19.5–23.6) | −4.3 | (−26.8–18.2) |
| C | 164 | (8.6) | 184 | (7.2) | 194 | (8.4) | 209 | (8.7) | M2 | 26.6 | (6.7–46.5)** | −2.7 | (−25.5-20.1) | −1.5 | (−24.8–21.8) | |
| Calcium (mg) | I | 633 | (45.0) | 1243 | (63.0) | 853 | (47.7) | 814 | (44.8) | M1 | 563 | (435–692)*** | 161 | (43–279)** | 7 | (−135–150) |
| C | 647 | (46.9) | 709 | (34.4) | 690 | (37.0) | 815 | (58.7) | M2 | 558 | (425–690)*** | 144 | (21–268)* | 11 | (−138–159) | |
| Vitamin D (µg) | I | 2.3 | (0.18) | 6.7 | (0.42) | 4.1 | (0.36) | 3.7 | (0.32) | M1 | 3.76 | (2.87–4.66)*** | 0.39 | (−0.62–1.39) | 0.07 | (−0.97–1.12) |
| C | 2.5 | (0.25) | 3.0 | (0.20) | 3.8 | (0.35) | 4.0 | (0.42) | M2 | 3.91 | (2.99–4.82)*** | 0.49 | (−0.59–1.57) | 0.00 | (−1.11–1.05) | |
Numbers printed in bold indicate a significant intervention effect (i.e. a significant difference in the intervention group).Notes: I = intervention group; C = control group; SEM = standard error of mean; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.
†Intervention effect: difference in change from baseline to 1 wk, 3 or 6 mo postoperatively between intervention and control group.
‡M1 = partially adjusted model: adjusted for stratification variables, i.e., center, sex, and age, and for baseline value of the concerned variable.
§M2 = fully adjusted model: adjusted for center, sex age, baseline value of the concerned variable, diseases of the nervous system, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, cerebrovascular diseases, ASA score, and risk of malnutrition according to the Mini-Nutritional Assessment.
*p < 0.05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.