Table 1.
Risk factors associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Adenocarcinoma |
|---|---|
| • Smoking | • Barrett’s esophagus |
| • Chronic alcohol consumptiona | • Obesity |
| • Caustic injury | • Smoking |
| • Achalasia | • Chronic alcohol consumptiona |
| • Chagas disease | • Older age |
| • Older age | • Male sex |
| • Male sex | • White race |
| • Black race | • Previously treated achalasia without anti-reflux therapy |
| • Tylosis | • Genetic predisposition |
| • Previous SCC of the head or neck | |
| • Papilloma virus infection | |
| • Frequent consumption of hot beverages | |
| • Micronutrient deficiencies (zinc, selenium, molybdenum, iron) |
Note:
a
More than three drinks per day.
Abbreviation: SCC, squamous cell carcinoma.