Table 1.
Participant characteristics, group selection criteria, and correlate measures
| Nonstruggling Readers (total unique N = 34) | Struggling Readers (total unique N = 74) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SC (N = 32) | SST (N = 32) | SC (N = 60) | SST (N = 67) | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 15 (46.9) | 15 (46.9) | 26 (43.3) | 26 (38.8) |
| Male | 17 (53.1) | 17 (53.1) | 34 (56.7) | 41 (61.2) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 9 (28.1) | 10 (31.3) | 30 (50.0) | 34 (50.7) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 19 (59.4) | 21 (56.3) | 17 (28.3) | 21 (31.3) |
| Black | 3 (9.4) | 3 (9.4) | 10 (16.7) | 10 (15.0) |
| Multiracial | 1 (3.1) | 1 (3.1) | 3 (5.0) | 2 (3.0) |
| ADHD Diagnosis | – | – | 7 (11.7) | 9 (13.4) |
| M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
| Age† | 9.93 (.83) | 10.14 (.62) | ||
| KBIT-2†* | 116.00 (11.01) | 97.21 (11.35) | ||
| Verbal* | 111.24 (12.31) | 92.61 (14.65) | ||
| Nonverbal* | 114.58 (13.85) | 102.16 (11.16) | ||
| GMRT* | 107.33 (9.67) | 88.41 (9.46) | ||
| TOSREC* | 110.44 (11.90) | 76.72 (8.52) | ||
| WJ-III PC†* | 105.76 (8.78) | 89.77 (8.79) | ||
| TOWRE-2†* | 103.15 (9.56) | 83.43 (10.88) | ||
Notes. Participant characteristics for each reader group in each fMRI task, and group selection criteria and correlate measures for each group collapsed across tasks. Race, ethnicity, age, and presence of ADHD were reported by parents and/or teachers. SC = sentence comprehension task; SST = stop-signal task; KBIT-2 = Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition; GMRT = Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test GMRT-fourth edition; TOSREC = Test of Sentence Reading Efficiency and Comprehension. WJ-III PC = Woodcock Johnson Diagnostic Reading Battery Passage Comprehension subtest; TOWRE-2 = Test of Word Reading Efficiency Sight Word Efficiency subtest. †Measures used as correlates. * P < 0.05.