Table 2.
Unadjusted associations between past participation, past opportunity, and willingness to participate and sociodemographic characteristics, access to care, and health status
| Variables | Past Participation in Health Researcha | Opportunity to Participate in Health Researcha | Willingness to Participate in Health Researcha | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | Undecided | ||||
| Sociodemographic | 90.6% | 9.4% | χ2 R‐S | 92.0% | 8.0% | χ2 R‐S | 32.2% | 45.5% | 22.1% | χ2 R‐S |
| Age Group | 6.94 | 10.20 | 73.64*** | |||||||
| 18–24 | 92.9 (87.8, 97.9) | 7.1 (2.1,12.2) | 91.9 (85.9,97.8) | 8.1 (2.2,14.1) | 17.3 (8.8,25.9) | 60.2 (49.2,71.2) | 22.4 (12.9,32.0) | |||
| 25–34 | 93.7 (89.9,97.5) | 6.3 (2.5,10.1) | 97.0 (94.8,99.3) | 3.0 (0.7,5.2) | 24.8 (17.8,31.7) | 56.4 (48.3,64.6) | 18.8 (12.6,25.0) | |||
| 35–44 | 91.5 (88.0, 95.1) | 8.5 (4.9,12.0) | 92.4 (88.8,96.0) | 7.6 (4.0,11.2) | 29.1 (22.7,35.6) | 51.6 (44.3,58.8) | 19.3 (13.8,24.8) | |||
| 45–54 | 90.0 (86.9,93.0) | 10.0 (7.0,13.1) | 91.4 (88.2,94.7) | 8.6 (5.3,11.8) | 30.6 (24.9,36.3) | 49.2 (42.8,55.7) | 20.1 (15.4,24.9) | |||
| 55–64 | 88.4 (85.4,91.4) | 11.6 (8.6,14.6) | 89.7 (86.3,93.0) | 10.3 (7.0,13.7) | 36.9 (32.0,41.8) | 38.8 (33.9,43.7) | 24.3 (19.928.6) | |||
| 65+ | 88.6 (86.5, 90.7) | 11.4 (9.3,13.5) | 90.3 (87.9, 92.6) | 9.7 (7.4,12.1) | 47.2 (43.6,50.7) | 26.2 (23.0,29.3) | 26.7 (23.4,30.0) | |||
| Sex | 1.66 | 0.25 | 1.50 | |||||||
| Male | 91.5 (89.4,93.6) | 8.5 (6.4,10.6) | 91.6 (89.5,93.8) | 8.4 (6.2,10.5) | 34.0 (30.1,37.8) | 44.5 (40.2,48.9) | 21.5 (18.1,24.9) | |||
| Female | 89.7 (88.0, 91.4) | 10.3 (8.6,12.0) | 92.3 (90.6, 94.1) | 7.7 (5.9,9.4) | 30.8 (27.9,33.8) | 46.4 (42.9,49.9) | 22.7 (19.9,25.6) | |||
| Race/Ethnicity | 1.73 | 5.51 | 22.53** | |||||||
| White | 90.2 (88.7,91.7) | 9.8 (8.3,11.3) | 92.4 (90.9,93.9) | 7.6 (6.1,9.1) | 35.0 (32.3,37.8) | 41.7 (38.7,44.7) | 23.3 (20.8,25.7) | |||
| Black | 92.7 (90.1,95.3) | 7.3 (4.7,9.9) | 88.5 (84.0,93.1) | 11.5 (6.9,16.0) | 21.7 (15.9,27.6) | 58.9 (51.2,66.6) | 19.3 (13.0,25.7) | |||
| Hispanic | 89.4 (80.2, 98.6) | 10.6 (1.4,19.8) | 95.4 (90.7,100.0) | 4.6 (0.0,9.3) | 24.6 (12.3,37.0) | 58.2 (44.0,72.4) | 17.2 (7.0,27.3) | |||
| Other | 92.8 (88.2,97.4) | 7.2 (2.6,11.8) | 91.7 (86.4,96.9) | 8.3 (3.1,13.6) | 32.4 (21.6,43.3) | 49.3 (37.3,61.4) | 18.2 (8.3,28.2) | |||
| Marital Status | 5.90 | 1.17 | 39.29*** | |||||||
| Married/Living Together | 89.4 (87.7,91.1) | 10.6 (8.9,12.3) | 91.7 (90.1,93.4) | 8.3 (6.6,9.9) | 35.4 (32.2,38.5) | 41.2 (37.7,44.7) | 23.4 (20.6,26.3) | |||
| Divorced/Separated | 93.5 (91.3,95.7) | 6.5 (4.3,8.7) | 91.2 (87.5,94.8) | 8.8 (5.2,12.5) | 25.8 (20.2,31.5) | 55.7 (49.1,62.4) | 18.4 (13.6,23.2) | |||
| Widowed | 92.8 (90.4,95.1) | 7.2 (4.9,9.6) | 91.9 (88.2,95.5) | 8.1 (4.5,11.8) | 45.2 (38.9,51.5) | 29.6 (23.3,35.8) | 25.2 (19.4,31.1) | |||
| Never Married | 90.7 (86.3,95.1) | 9.3 (4.9,13.7) | 93.6 (89.7,97.4) | 6.4 (2.6,10.3) | 23.7 (17.1,30.3) | 56.0 (48.1,63.9) | 20.2 (13.7,26.7) | |||
| Education | 34.59*** | 2.98 | 7.00 | |||||||
| Less than High School | 96.4 (94.2,98.7) | 3.6 (1.3,5.8) | 92.1 (87.7,96.5) | 7.9 (3.5,12.3) | 35.3 (27.9,42.7) | 46.8 (38.5,55.1) | 17.9 (11.9,23.8) | |||
| High School Diploma/GED | 93.7 (91.9,95.5) | 6.3 (4.5,8.1) | 93.7 (91.6,95.8) | 6.3 (4.2,8.4) | 34.7 (30.4,38.9) | 45.3 (40.5,50.0) | 20.1 (16.4,23.7) | |||
| Some College or Higher | 86.7 (84.5,88.9) | 13.3 (11.1,15.5) | 90.7 (88.8,92.6) | 9.3 (7.4,11.2) | 29.7 (26.6,32.8) | 45.2 (41.6,48.9) | 25.0 (21.9,28.1) | |||
| Poverty Level | 6.92 | 2.25 | 40.46*** | |||||||
| <100% FPL | 93.3 (90.4,96.3) | 6.7 (3.7,9.6) | 93.9 (90.5, 97.3) | 6.1 (2.7, 9.5) | 20.4 (15.2,25.6) | 62.9 (56.0,69.8) | 16.7 (11.1,22.4) | |||
| 100–199% FPL | 90.6 (87.6,93.5) | 9.4 (6.5,12.4) | 91.6 (88.6, 94.6) | 8.4 (5.4,11.4) | 32.2 (27.2,37.2) | 46.7 (41.0,52.4) | 21.1 (16.7,25.5) | |||
| 200–299% FPL | 92.0 (88.8,95.2) | 8.0 (4.8,11.2) | 92.6 (89.5,95.7) | 7.4 (4.3,10.5) | 33.0 (26.6,39.5) | 45.4 (37.9,52.8) | 21.6 (15.7,27.5) | |||
| 300–399% FPL | 88.3 (83.0,93.6) | 11.7 (6.4,17.0) | 90.2 (85.9, 94.6) | 9.8 (5.4,14.1) | 46.2 (37.9,54.5) | 32.5 (24.7,40.3) | 21.3 (15.3,27.3) | |||
| ≥400% FPL | 87.9 (85.0,90.8) | 12.1 (9.2,15.0) | 91.5 (88.7, 94.3) | 8.5 (5.7,11.3) | 30.8 (25.7,36.0) | 44.4 (38.3,50.4) | 24.8 (19.9,29.7) | |||
| Employment | 4.53 | 6.35 | 64.21*** | |||||||
| Employed/Self‐Employed | 90.9 (88.9,93.0) | 9.1 (7.0,11.1) | 92.1 (90.0,94.1) | 7.9 (5.9,10.0) | 30.9 (27.2,34.5) | 47.7 (43.5,51.8) | 21.5 (18.2,24.7) | |||
| Nonemployed | 92.7 (89.4,96.0) | 7.3 (4.0,10.6) | 95.1 (92.5,97.8) | 4.9 (2.2,7.5) | 23.4 (17.7,29.1) | 54.9 (47.4,62.3) | 21.7 (15.6,27.8) | |||
| Retired | 88.9 (86.6,91.2) | 11.1 (8.8,13.4) | 92.0 (90.0,94.1) | 8.0 (5.9,10.0) | 46.3 (42.5,50.2) | 25.7 (22.2,29.1) | 28.0 (24.4,31.6) | |||
| Unable to Work | 88.3 (84.6, 92.1) | 11.7 (7.9,15.4) | 88.9 (84.0,93.8) | 11.1 (6.2,16.0) | 30.2 (23.5,36.8) | 54.1 (46.7,61.5) | 15.7 (10.6,20.9) | |||
| Rurality/Urbanity | 1.15 | 1.44 | 3.45 | |||||||
| Metro/urban | 90.1 (88.2,91.9) | 9.9 (8.1,11.8) | 91.5 (89.6,93.4) | 8.5 (6.6,10.4) | 31.3 (28.0,34.7) | 44.7 (40.9,48.4) | 24.0 (20.9,27.1) | |||
| Nonmetro/rural | 91.5 (89.6,93.4) | 8.5 (6.6,10.4) | 93.2 (91.2,95.1) | 6.8 (4.9,8.8) | 32.4 (28.9,36.0) | 47.8 (43.6,51.9) | 19.8 (16.6,23.0) | |||
| Access to Care | ||||||||||
| Health Insurance | 0.10 | 0.69 | 8.58?? | |||||||
| No | 91.2 (86.4,96.0) | 8.8 (4.0,13.6) | 89.9 (84.3,95.6) | 10.1 (4.4,15.7) | 23.9 (16.3,31.6) | 58.2 (48.7,67.6) | 17.9 (10.9,24.9) | |||
| Yes | 90.4 (89.0, 91.8) | 9.6 (8.2,11.0) | 92.2 (90.8,93.6) | 7.8 (6.4,9.2) | 33.2 (30.7,35.7) | 44.0 (41.1,46.8) | 22.9 (20.5,25.2) | |||
| Usual Source of Care (has a personal doctor) | 3.29 | 0.81 | 4.34 | |||||||
| No | 93.8 (90.6, 97.0) | 6.2 (3.0,9.4) | 93.7 (90.0,97.3) | 6.3 (2.7,10.0) | 26.0 (19.2,32.7) | 52.6 (44.4,60.8) | 21.4 (14.8,28.0) | |||
| Yes | 90.0 (88.5,91.5) | 10.0 (8.5,11.5) | 91.7 (90.2,93.2) | 8.3 (6.8,9.8) | 33.4 (30.9,36.0) | 44.4 (41.5,47.3) | 22.2 (19.8,24.5) | |||
| Unaffordability of Health Services (could not see doctor because of cost) | 1.56 | 0.63 | 7.71?? | |||||||
| No | 90.2 (88.7,91.7) | 9.8 (8.3,11.3) | 91.8 (90.3,93.3) | 8.2 (6.7,9.7) | 33.9 (31.3,36.5) | 43.9 (40.9,46.8) | 22.2 (19.9,24.6) | |||
| Yes | 92.7 (89.5,95.8) | 7.3 (4.2,10.5) | 93.6 (89.8, 97.3) | 6.4 (2.7,10.2) | 24.3 (17.6,31.0) | 55.0 (47.3,62.8) | 20.7 (14.1,27.2) | |||
| Health Check‐Up | 5.76 | 1.92 | 5.70 | |||||||
| Past Year | 89.4 (87.7,91.1) | 10.6 (8.9,12.3) | 91.3 (89.7,93.0) | 8.7 (7.0,10.3) | 33.9 (31.0,36.7) | 44.3 (41.1,47.5) | 21.9 (19.4,24.4) | |||
| Past 2 Years | 91.5 (88.0,94.9) | 8.5 (5.1,12.0) | 93.6 (89.3,97.8) | 6.4 (2.2,10.7) | 29.8 (22.5,37.0) | 44.7 (36.5,53.0) | 25.5 (18.4,32.7) | |||
| Past 5 Years | 95.2 (91.5,99.0) | 4.8 (1.0,8.5) | 91.4 (85.0,97.8) | 8.6 (2.2,15.0) | 30.7 (20.3,41.2) | 52.6 (41.2,64.0) | 16.7 (8.6,24.7) | |||
| More Than 5 Years/Never | 92.6 (88.2,96.9) | 7.4 (3.1,11.8) | 94.3 (90.8,97.7) | 5.7 (2.3,9.2) | 26.8 (19.0,34.5) | 49.8 (40.4,59.2) | 23.4 (15.3,31.6) | |||
| Health Status | ||||||||||
| General Health | 6.58 | 4.44 | 4.42 | |||||||
| Excellent | 90.3 (86.8,93.8) | 9.7 (6.2,13.2) | 92.9 (89.5,96.3) | 7.1 (3.7,10.5) | 32.6 (25.6,39.5) | 44.8 (36.7,52.8) | 22.7 (15.9,29.5) | |||
| Very Good | 88.2 (85.1,91.3) | 11.8 (8.7,14.9) | 92.2 (89.6,94.9) | 7.8 (5.1,10.4) | 34.1 (29.6,38.7) | 41.3 (36.1,46.5) | 24.6 (20.2,28.9) | |||
| Good | 92.6 (90.6,94.6) | 7.4 (5.4,9.4) | 93.2 (91.2,95.2) | 6.8 (4.8,8.8) | 32.4 (26.1,35.0) | 47.4 (42.2,52.8) | 20.2 (17.5,26.5) | |||
| Fair/Poor | 90.4 (88.0, 92.9) | 9.6 (7.1,12.0) | 89.5 (86.1,92.9) | 10.5 (7.1,13.9) | 30.5 | 47.5 | 22.0 | |||
| Any Chronic Conditions | 3.63 | 20.0 | 3.09 | |||||||
| No | 92.7 (90.2,95.2) | 7.3 (4.8,9.8) | 92.5 (89.9,95.0) | 7.5 (5.0,10.1) | 28.9 (24.3,33.6) | 47.5 (42.0,53.0) | 23.6 (19.0,28.2) | |||
| Yes | 89.6 (88.0,91.2) | 10.4 (8.8,12.0) | 91.8 (90.1, 93.4) | 8.2 (6.6,9.9) | 34.0 (31.2,36.8) | 44.5 (41.4,47.7) | 21.4 (19.0,23.8) | |||
Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2015.16
a
Weighted percentages are population estimates after sampling design (weights, strata, and stratification) has been accounted for so that the sample of respondents is representative of the population of civilian non‐institutionalized adults aged 18 years and older living in Arkansas.
χ2 R‐S = Rao‐Scott Chi‐square test statistic.
FPL = federal poverty level.
* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.