Table 4.
Adjusted associations between willingness to participate in health research and sociodemographic characteristics, access to care, and health status
| Multinomial logistic regression: odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals a | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variables | Willingness to participate in health research | |
| Sociodemographic | (yes vs. no) | (undecided vs. no) |
| Age Group | ||
| 18–24 | 5.68*** (2.63,12.25) | 2.20 (0.84,5.76) |
| 25–34 | 2.97*** (1.67,5.27) | 1.07 (0.52,2.23) |
| 35–44 | 2.48** (1.49,4.12) | 1.07 (0.59,1.93) |
| 45–54 | 2.15** (1.38,3.35) | 1.18 (0.70,1.97) |
| 55–64 | 1.58** (1.10,2.27) | 1.17 (0.79,1.56) |
| 65+ | — | — |
| Sex | ||
| Male | — | — |
| Female | 1.16 (0.87,1.51) | 1.13 (0.84,1.50) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| White | — | — |
| Black | 1.74* (1.14,2.67) | 1.39 (0.4,2.30) |
| Hispanic | 2.06 (0.89,4.77) | 1.43 (0.52,3.89) |
| Other | 1.08 (0.59,1.96) | 0.82 (0.37,1.84) |
| Marital Status | ||
| Married/Living Together | — | — |
| Divorced/Separated | 1.62* (1.10,2.38) | 1.05 (0.67,1.67) |
| Widowed | 1.00 (0.66,1.54) | 0.92 (0.61,1.38) |
| Never Married | 1.12 (0.68,1.86) | 0.98 (0.54,1.79) |
| Education | ||
| Less Than High School | 0.51* (0.33,0.80) | 0.51* (0.30,0.86) |
| High School Diploma/GED | 0.58** (0.43,0.87) | 0.60** (0.42,0.87) |
| Some College or higher | — | — |
| Employment | ||
| Employed/Self‐Employed | — | — |
| Nonemployed | 1.32 (0.85,2.06) | 1.19 (0.70,2.01) |
| Retired | 0.91 (0.60,1.38) | 1.13 (0.75,1.70) |
| Unable to Work | 1.19 (0.71,2.01) | 0.78 (0.41,1.46) |
| Poverty level | ||
| <100% FPL | — | — |
| 100–199% FPL | 0.69 (0.44,1.08) | 0.74 (0.44,1.25) |
| 200–299% FPL | 0.72 (0.43,1.19) | 0.75 (0.41,1.35) |
| 300–399% FPL | 0.48* (0.26,0.88) | 0.57 (0.30,1.09) |
| ≥400% FPL | 0.68 (0.39,1.20) | 0.83 (0.46,1.50) |
| Rurality/Urbanity | ||
| Nonmetro/rural | — | — |
| Metro/urban | 0.90 (0.69,1.17) | 1.17 (0.84,1.62) |
| Access to Care | ||
| Health Insurance | ||
| No | — | — |
| Yes | 0.85 (0.49,1.46) | 1.07 (0.55,2.07) |
| Usual Source of Care (has a personal doctor) | ||
| No | — | — |
| Yes | 1.10 (0.67,1.82) | 0.87 (0.49,1.53) |
| Unaffordability of Health Services (could not see doctor because of cost) | ||
| No | — | — |
| Yes | 1.25 (0.79,2.00) | 1.21 (0.71,2.07) |
| Health Check‐Up | ||
| Past Year | — | — |
| Past 2 Years | 0.93 (0.61,1.41) | 1.21 (0.76,1.92) |
| Past 5 Years | 1.06 (0.57,1.96) | 0.79 (0.37,1.71) |
| More Than 5 Years | 1.20 (0.71,2.03) | 1.32 (0.78,2.25) |
| Health Status | ||
| General Health | ||
| Excellent | 0.76 (0.44,1.30) | 0.69 (0.39,1.23) |
| Very Good | 0.83 (0.55,1.27) | 0.82 (0.51,1.33) |
| Good | 0.90 (0.62,1.32) | 0.80 (0.52,1.22) |
| Fair/Poor | — | — |
| Chronic Conditions | ||
| No | — | — |
| Yes | 1.19 (0.81,1.75) | 0.95 (0.64,1.41) |
Data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2015.(16)
“—” Denotes reference category.
a
Odds ratios are population estimates of selected predictors after sampling design (weights, strata, and stratification) has been accounted for, and are based on imputation with M = 20 imputed data sets.
* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.