Table 1.

Survey results on procurement characteristics and institutions in countries with expanding healthcare coverage

Country	Tender regulation	Scope	Institutions involved	Legal basis
Algeria	Yes	Hospital market and military health needs	Central pharmacy of hospitals	PCH: price and quality (CE, ISO, FDA) Military: quality of product and investment in continuous training and prices
China	Yes	All pharmaceuticals	Provincial tender authorities	NA
Egypt	Yes	All pharmaceuticals in public sectors	All governmental sectors (e.g., MOH, university hospitals, educational institutes)	Financial threshold
Lebanon	No	–	Military entities, MOH, hospitals	Financial threshold
Malaysia	Yes	All pharmaceuticals	MOH	NA
Pakistan	No	–	Public hospitals, army	Price
Philippines	Yes	Vaccines	Private, Department of Health, and government hospitals	General Appropriations Act of current year
Russian Federation	Yes	All pharmaceuticals	Hospitals, national tender agency, MOH	Financial threshold, government program
South Africa	Yes	All pharmaceuticals in public sectors	National Ministry of Health	Any registered product can be submitted for tender
Thailand	Yes	Pharmaceuticals and vaccines	GPO (for NHSO), DDC	NA
Turkey	Yes	All pharmaceuticals but only 1–2% of total sales	Hospitals and pharmacies	NA
Ukraine	Yes	Pharmaceutical (mostly hospital segment) and vaccines	MOH (for vaccines) and hospitals	For some medicines, government program
UAE	Yes	Pharmaceuticals and vaccines	MOH, DHA, and Seha healthcare	NA
Vietnam	Yes	Pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices	Hospital or service of health depending on the assigned list of products	NA

CE cost effectiveness, DDC Department of Disease Control, DHA Dubai Health Authority, FDA US Food and Drug Administration, GPO Group Purchasing Organization, ISO International Organization for Standardization, MOH Ministry of Health, NA not applicable, NHSO National Health Security Office, PCH Pharmacie Centrale Des Hôpitaux, UAE United Arab Emirates