Table 2.

Characteristics of patients with advanced HF [2]

Repeated (≥ 2) hospitalizations or emergency department visits for HF in the past year

Progressive deterioration in renal function

Weight loss without other cause

Intolerance to ACEIs due to hypotension and/or worsening renal function

Intolerance to beta-blockers due to worsening HF or hypotension

Frequent systolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg

Persistent dyspnea with dressing or bathing, requiring rest

Inability to walk one block on level ground due to dyspnea or fatigue

Recent need to escalate diuretics to maintain volume status, often reaching daily furosemide-equivalent dose of > 160 mg/day and/or use of supplemental metolazone therapy

Progressive decline in serum sodium, usually to < 133 mEq/l

Frequent implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks

ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, HF heart failure