Table 1.
Mean annual cost per patient according to clinical and demographic variables of patients with schizophrenia who used atypical antipsychotics provided by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Brazil, 2000–2010 (n = 174,310)
| Variables | N (%) | Mean annual cost ± SD per patient, $US |
|---|---|---|
| The whole cohort | 174,310 (100.0) | 1811.92 ± 284.39 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 90,131 (51.7) | 1914.84 ± 304.74 |
| Female | 84,179 (48.3) | 1672.47 ± 266.66 |
| Age group at study entry, years | ||
| 18–25 | 29,692 (17.0) | 1852.34 ± 295.58 |
| 26–35 | 40,967 (23.5) | 1892.33 ± 287.49 |
| 36–45 | 39,173 (22.5) | 1857.03 ± 316.15 |
| 46–55 | 27,626 (15.9) | 1735.18 ± 317.17 |
| 56–65 | 13,998 (8.0) | 1669.80 ± 269.51 |
| > 65 | 22,854 (13.1) | 1397.98 ± 294.05 |
| Geographic region at study entry | ||
| Southeast | 112,254 (64.4) | 1867.57 ± 287.10 |
| Northeast | 27,507 (15.8) | 1727.58 ± 318.31 |
| South | 19,091 (10.9) | 1600.46 ± 292.30 |
| Midwest | 12,313 (7.1) | 1790.39 ± 283.15 |
| North | 3145 (1.8) | 1488.75 ± 328.43 |
| Period of study entry, years | ||
| 2000–2003 | 33,766 (19.4) | 1957.62 ± 359.46 |
| 2004–2007 | 77,894 (44.7) | 1728.74 ± 413.57 |
| 2008–2010 | 62,650 (35.9) | 1529.68 ± 526.88 |
| Primary diagnosis (ICD-10) at study entry | ||
| Paranoid schizophrenia (F20.0) | 115,862 (66.5) | 1836.89 ± 315.13 |
| Simple schizophrenia (F20.6) | 30,771 (17.6) | 1699.74 ± 411.54 |
| Other schizophrenia (F20.8) | 11,926 (6.8) | 1836.30 ± 384.72 |
| Residual schizophrenia (F20.5) | 6625 (3.8) | 1925.06 ± 347.96 |
| Hebephrenic schizophrenia (F20.1) | 5152 (3.0) | 1917.98 ± 343.57 |
| Undifferentiated schizophrenia (F20.3) | 2123 (1.2) | 1647.27 ± 377.01 |
| Catatonic schizophrenia (F20.2) | 1000 (0.6) | 1806.59 ± 299.28 |
| Post-schizophrenic depression (F20.4) | 851 (0.5) | 1774.54 ± 347.26 |
| Atypical antipsychotic at study entry | ||
| Olanzapine | 64,652 (37.1) | 2252.59 ± 547.80 |
| Risperidone | 63,361 (36.3) | 1195.99 ± 276.58 |
| Quetiapine | 22,501 (12.9) | 1748.97 ± 795.15 |
| Ziprasidone | 13,884 (8.0) | 1842.44 ± 809.14 |
| Clozapine | 8692 (5.0) | 1909.91 ± 334.60 |
| More than one atypical antipsychotic | 1220 (0.7) | 2355.97 ± 800.60 |
| Events | ||
| Drug switching | 48,648 (27.9) | 2161.56 ± 276.57 |
| Psychotic outbreak | 25,213 (14.5) | 2313.06 ± 399.41 |
| End of follow-up | ||
| Censoring | 150,270 (86.2) | 1796.80 ± 288.20 |
| Death | 24,040 (13.8) | 1978.58 ± 243.14 |
| Cause of death (ICD-10 groups) | ||
| Other degenerative diseases of the NS | 2585 (10.7) | 1604.01 ± 330.28 |
| Influenza and pneumonia | 2089 (8.7) | 1823.03 ± 461.70 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2055 (8.5) | 1574.67 ± 306.82 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 1897 (7.9) | 1986.59 ± 343.62 |
| Unclear cause | 1245 (5.2) | 1810.94 ± 323.80) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1049 (4.4) | 2186.81 ± 581.45 |
| Other groups | 13,120 (54.6) | 2069.47 ± 262.92 |
Values were converted to $US and adjusted using the purchasing power parity rate (World Bank)
ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision; NS nervous system, SD standard deviation